In plants, microRNAs (miRNAs) comprise one of two classes of small RNAs that function primarily as negative regulators at the posttranscriptional level. Several MIRNA genes in the plant kingdom are ancient, with conservation extending between angiosperms and the mosses, whereas many others are more recently evolved. Here, we use deep...
The frequency of moderate to heavy rainfall events is projected to change in response to global warming. Here we show that these hydrologic changes may have a profound effect on mosquito population dynamics and rates of mosquito-borne disease transmission. We develop a simple model, which treats the mosquito reproductive cycle...
Eukaryotes contain a diversified set of small RNA-guided pathways that control genes, repeated sequences, and viruses at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Genome-wide profiles and analyses of small RNAs, particularly the large class of 24-nucleotide (nt) short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), were done for wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and silencing pathway mutants...
Multicellular eukaryotes produce small RNA molecules (approximately 21–24 nucleotides) of two general types, microRNA (miRNA) and short interfering RNA (siRNA). They collectively function as sequence-specific guides to silence or regulate genes, transposons, and viruses and to modify chromatin and genome structure. Formation or activity of small RNAs requires factors belonging...
Organellar DNA sequences are widely used in evolutionary and population genetic studies, however, the conservative nature of chloroplast gene and genome evolution often limits phylogenetic resolution and statistical power. To gain maximal access to the historical record contained within chloroplast genomes, we have adapted multiplex sequencing-by-synthesis (MSBS) to simultaneously sequence...
Rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, barley and the other
major crop grasses from the family Poaceae
(Gramineae) are mankind’s most important source
of calories and contribute tens of billions of dollars
annually to the world economy (FAO 1999, http://www.fao.org; USDA 1997, http://www.usda.gov).
Continued improvement of Poaceae crops is necessary
in order...
Since 1958 when Alfred C. Redfield (1) recognized the similarity between the ratios of elements in living biomass and those dissolved in the surrounding seawater, we have understood that microorganisms largely control the concentrations, distribution, and molecular makeup of nutritional resources in the ocean. The primary elemental ingredients for life,...
Background: Short RNAs, and in particular microRNAs, are important regulators of gene
expression both within defined regulatory pathways and at the epigenetic scale. We investigated
the short RNA (sRNA) population (18-24 nt) of the transcriptome of green leaves from the
sequenced Populus trichocarpa using a concatenation strategy in combination with...
The Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium (http://www.geneontology.org) (GOC) continues to develop,
maintain and use a set of structured, controlled
vocabularies for the annotation of genes, gene
products and sequences. The GO ontologies
are expanding both in content and in structure.
Several new relationship types have been introduced
and used, along with...
Influenza A incidence peaks during winter in temperate regions. The basis for this pronounced seasonality is not understood, nor is it well documented how influenza A transmission principally occurs. Previous studies indicate that relative humidity (RH) affects both influenza virus transmission (IVT) and influenza virus survival (IVS). Here, we reanalyze...