http://hdl.handle.net/1957/16374 2013-06-19T09:33:17Z 2013-06-19T09:33:17Z Lee, Jungmin Skinkis, Patricia A. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/39412 2013-06-17T17:21:44Z 2013-02-18T00:00:00Z

Oregon ‘Pinot noir’ grape anthocyanin enhancement by early leaf removal Lee, Jungmin; Skinkis, Patricia A. Complete cluster zone leaf removal of 'Pinot noir' was initiated at three separate pre-veraison growth stages (bloom, grain-pea size, and bunch closure) and maintained leaf free until harvest, for four growing seasons (2008-2011). Fruit anthocyanin composition was examined at harvest for the last two vintages (2010 and 2011) and compared to a control-no cluster zone leaf removal. Experiments were conducted at two commercially operating Oregon vineyards (site A = 420 rootstock/'Pinot noir' 115 scion and site B = 3309C rootstock/'Pinot noir' 777 scion). All clusters contained the five anthocyanins typically found in 'Pinot noir'. Leaf removal at bloom and maintained until harvest produced maximum anthocyanin accumulation in 'Pinot noir' grapes (site A = 85.24 mg/100 g and site B = 125.06 mg/100 g), compared to no leaf removal (control: site A = 57.91 mg/100 g and site B = 97.56 mg/100 g). Even leaf removal at bunch closure (last leaf removal initiation period) increased grape anthocyanin (site A 73.22 mg/bog and site B = 118.93 mg/100 g) compared to control, but total anthocyanins were lower than grapes from bloom leaf removal (first time period). Results differed slightly by vineyard site and rootstock/scion combination. Published by Elsevier Ltd. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/.

2013-02-18T00:00:00Z Kleiber, Joseph R. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/39196 2013-06-11T22:15:28Z 2013-06-06T00:00:00Z

Comparison of baits for monitoring the spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Kleiber, Joseph R. Spotted wing Drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a pest of small and stone fruits that is widely distributed across much of the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia. Unlike other members of the Drosophilidae that only lay eggs in overripe or rotting fruit, SWD infest ripening and ripe fruit. The female SWD has a serrated ovipositor that allows her to lay eggs under the skin of a wide range of fruits, where the eggs hatch into larvae and they consume the inside of the fruit. This feeding results in fruit collapse and deterioration, and the hole created by the oviposition puncture allows for secondary infection by microorganisms, yield losses, reduced fruit quality and degrades. The current control is to apply an insecticide treatment when the fruit begins to color and continue to keep the crop protected with chemical treatments until harvest is complete. The current monitoring tools are not sensitive enough to attract SWD at the critical time to establish economic thresholds, appropriately time treatments and allow growers to make good management decisions. The objective of this research project was to determine if a more sensitive attractant than the currently standard 5% acidity apple cider vinegar traps could be defined. A number of food products and commercially available lures were tested in greenhouse and field experiments for their attractiveness to D. suzukii. There were no bait treatments that captured significantly more D. suzukii than the currently standard 5% acidity apple cider vinegar(ACV)-baited traps. Balsamic vinegar, soy sauce, balsamic honey vinegar, a D. melanogaster lure, Monterey Insect Bait, rice vinegar, seasoned rice vinegar, and NuLure® performed similarly to ACV, broadening the field of starting material that could be investigated for their use as an SWD attractant. A number of fermentation compounds were also tested in greenhouse and field trials for their attractiveness to SWD. Four classes of compounds were tested: short chain alcohols, short chain carboxylic acids, low molecular weight acetates, and esters of 2-phenylethanol. In the greenhouse trials, some of the compounds alone were determined to be attractive and subsequently used in field trials. However, none of the compounds or combinations of the compounds tested improved attractiveness of apple cider vinegar traps when compared to the standard 5% acidity apple cider vinegar-baited trap. Graduation date: 2013

2013-06-06T00:00:00Z Spleen, Angela M. Lengerich, Eugene J. Rennich, Karen Caron, Dewey Rose, Robyn Pettis, Jeff S. Henson, Mark Wilkes, James T. Wilson, Michael Stitzinger, Jennie Lee, Kathleen Andree, Michael Snyder, Robert vanEngelsdorp, Dennis Bee Informed Partnership http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38571 2013-05-14T16:46:53Z 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

A national survey of managed honey bee 2011-12 winter colony losses in the United States: results from the Bee Informed Partnership Spleen, Angela M.; Lengerich, Eugene J.; Rennich, Karen; Caron, Dewey; Rose, Robyn; Pettis, Jeff S.; Henson, Mark; Wilkes, James T.; Wilson, Michael; Stitzinger, Jennie; Lee, Kathleen; Andree, Michael; Snyder, Robert; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Bee Informed Partnership Estimates of winter loss for managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies are an important measure of honey bee health and productivity. We used data from 5,500 US beekeepers (5,244 backyard, 189 sideline and 67 commercial beekeepers) who responded to the April 2012 Bee Informed Partnership Winter Colony Loss Survey and calculated loss as the difference in the number of colonies between October 1, 2011 and April 1, 2012, adjusting for increases and decreases over that period. In the US, the total colony loss was 22.5% for the 2011-12 winter; 45.1% (n = 2,482) of respondents reported no colony loss. Total loss during 2011-12 was substantially lower than loss during 2010-11 (29.9%). Of the 4,484 respondents who kept bees in 2010-11 and 2011-12, 72.0% reported that the loss during 2011-12 was smaller or similar to the loss during 2010-11. There was substantial variation in total loss by state (range 6.2% to 47.7%). The average loss per beekeeping operation was 25.4%, but the average loss was not significantly different by operation type (backyard, sideline, commercial). The average self-reported acceptable loss per respondent was 13.7%; 46.8% (n = 2,259) of respondents experienced winter colony losses in excess of the average acceptable loss. Of beekeepers who reported losing at least one colony during 2011-12, the leading self-identified causes of mortality were weak condition in the fall and queen failure. Respondents who indicated poor wintering conditions, CCD, or pesticides as a leading cause of mortality suffered a higher average loss when compared to beekeepers who did not list these as potential causes. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by International Bee Research Association and can be found at: http://www.ibra.org.uk/.

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z Hand, Charles R. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38565 2013-05-13T23:21:57Z 2013-04-18T00:00:00Z

Improving initiation and mineral nutrition for hazelnut (Corylus avellana) micropropagation Hand, Charles R. Corylus avellana L. is a global commodity and a valuable crop for the U.S. Pacific Northwest. A tremendous amount of work has been put into the development of healthy disease free, high yielding and tasty hazelnuts for the in-shell and confectionary markets. Clonal propagation is required to provide nursery trees of these improved hazelnut cultivars. The rapid multiplication provided by micropropagation methods is an important part of meeting the demand. One challenge of hazelnuts micropropagation is the wide variation in growth response among the cultivars. The studies described in this thesis were involved in improving the mineral nutrients in the growth medium and to better determine culture initiation procedures. The first study was designed to determine what mineral nutrients are driving C. avellana in vitro shoot growth using a response surface design. Hazelnut genotypes 'Dorris,' 'Felix,' 'Jefferson', OSU 880.054, and 'Sacajawea' were used. Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut medium (DKW) mineral nutrients were separated into five factors: NH₄NO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂, mesos (MgSO₄ and KH₂PO₄), K₂SO₄, and minor nutrients (B, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn). The concentrations ranged from 0.5x to 2.0x the standard DKW concentrations with 33 treatments for use in modeling. Multifactor response surface analysis projected that optimum shoot proliferation was greatly influenced by the NH₄NO₃ to Ca(NO₃)₂ ratios, mesos, and minors. These factors were important to overall quality and shoot length for all genotypes. Improved shoot quality was observed with increased Ca(NO₃)₂, mesos, and minors for most of the cultivars tested. For 'Sacajawea' only the mesos components significantly improved shoot quality. Lower Ca(NO₃)₂ improved shoot multiplication while higher amounts increased shoot length for most cultivars. New media formulations will require higher Ca(NO₃)₂, mesos and minors as well as changes in the NH₄NO₃ to Ca(NO₃)₂ ratios. The second study determined the effects of individual minor-mineral nutrients including nickel on hazelnut shoot growth. Three hazelnut cultivars 'Dorris,' 'Jefferson,' and 'Sacajawea' were used. Six factors at 0.5x to 4.0x DKW concentrations, H₃BO₃, CuSO₄, MnSO₄, Na₂MoO₄, Zn(NO₃)₂, and NiSO₄, were tested in a response surface design with 39 treatment combinations. Ni, not present in DKW, ranged from 0 to 6 µM. Higher concentrations (4x) of B, Mo, and Zn increased overall shoot quality, length and multiplication. There were many significant interactions. High B concentrations significantly improved shoot quality for 'Jefferson'; shoot quality, length and number for 'Dorris'; and shoot length and number for 'Sacajawea'. Increased Mo improved some responses for each cultivar, and it also interacted with Cu and Zn. Interactions of Ni with other minor nutrients resulted in improved shoot quality and length in 'Sacajawea.' Ni interactions were significant for the other cultivars as well, altered the requirements for other nutrients, but did not necessarily improve the overall shoot response. Improved growth and shoot quality in 'Dorris' and 'Jefferson' required increased amounts of B, Mo, and Zn; 'Sacajawea' required increased B, Cu, Zn, and Ni. The diverse responses of these cultivars further confirmed that nutrient uptake or utilization was genotype dependent. Hazelnuts are generally difficult to initiate into culture due to internal microbial contaminants and a general lack of viability of the explants. The third study was designed to determine the effect of nodal position and collection techniques on the viability and contamination of shoot explants. Explants were collected from scion wood grafted onto seedling rootstocks and grown in the greenhouse. Single-node explants were collected from different locations on the scion wood. After surface sterilization, explants were first held in a liquid contaminant-detection medium for one week and the effect on explant viability was evaluated. Node position influenced the number of viable contaminant-free explants. Bacterial contamination increased with the distance from the shoot tip. The use of liquid detection medium as a part of the initiation procedure did not affect viability. Bacteria sampled from surface sterilized explants were identified as Brevundimonas vesicularis, Brevundimonas sp., and two Pseudomonas sp., by 16S ribosomal DNA sequences and API® 20CHB tests. The best procedure for collecting axenic, viable hazelnut explants was to collect from the first three nodes of actively-growing greenhouse plants and use detection medium to identify contaminant-free tissue. As a result of these studies several suggested growth media formulations are now available for use that may produce improved hazelnut shoot quality, multiplication and elongation for a wide range of C. avellana genotypes. Two base macro nutrient formulations, Hazelnut A and B, are likely to be suitable for many genotypes. Three micronutrient formulations provide options for growth of difficult genotypes with and without Ni. Continued optimization and testing of mesos and N components are needed for final medium formulations. Graduation date: 2013

2013-04-18T00:00:00Z