Abstract:
Pesticides—including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and bactericides are essential for growing healthy crops with reliable yields and quality. In
many instances, pesticides have become less effective as target organisms have developed resistance. The first record of resistance dates to 1897, when orchardists began having problems controlling San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [Comstock]) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella [L.]). Since then, pesticide resistance has become a worldwide threat to commercial agriculture. By the end of 2006, there were 645 specific cases of agricultural insecticide resistance, affecting 316 compounds.
