Abstract:
Pesticides, including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, bactericides, and herbicides are essential for maintaining healthy grape crops with reliable
yields and quality. In many instances, pesticides have become less effective as target organisms have developed resistance. The first record of resistance
dates to 1897, when orchardists began having problems controlling San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [Comstock]) and codling moth (Cydia
pomonella [L.]). Since then, pesticide resistance has become a worldwide threat to commercial agriculture. Several miticides have failed due to resistance by insect and mite species in agricultural ecosystems. By the end of 2006, there were 645 specific cases of agricultural insecticide resistance, with 542 species of arthropods resistant to at least one compound. In total, 316 compounds are affected.
