Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation
 

Modelling of on-chip spiral inductors for silicon RFICs

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https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/0z7090074

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  • In high-frequency circuit design, performance is often limited by the quality of the passive components available for a particular process. Specifically, spiral inductors can be a major bottle-neck for Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs), Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNAs), mixers, etc. For designers to correctly optimize a circuit using a spiral inductor, several frequency-domain characteristics must be known including the quality factor (Q), total inductance, and the self-resonant frequency. This information can be difficult to predict for spirals built on lossy silicon substrates because of the complicated frequency-dependent loss mechanisms present. The first part of this research addresses the need for a scalable, predictive model for obtaining the frequency domain behavior of spiral inductors on lossy silicon substrates. The technique is based on the Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method and is a flexible approach to modelling spiral inductors. The basic PEEC technique is also enhanced to efficiently include the frequency dependent eddy-currents in the lossy substrate through a new complex-image method. This enhanced PEEC approach includes all of the major non-ideal effects including the conductor-skin and proximity effects, as well as the substrate-skin effect. The approach is applied to octagonal spiral inductors and comparisons with measurements are presented. To complement the scalable enhanced-PEEC model, a new wide-band compact equivalent circuit model is presented which is suitable for time-domain simulations. This model achieves wide-band accuracy through the use of "transformer-loops" to model losses caused by the magnetic field. A fast extraction technique based on a least squares fitting procedure is also described. Results are presented for a transformer-loop compact model extracted from measurements. The combination of an accurate scalable model and a wide-band compact equivalent-circuit model provides a complete modelling methodology for spiral inductors on lossy silicon.
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