Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation
 

Factors affecting germination of endomycorrhizal spores

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  • Four isolates of Glomus mosseae, collected from diverse geographic locations, were pot cultured on varied host plants or stored in the same soil as collected. Spores of three isolates failed to germinate on any of five agar media while the fourth germinated well on all media. Lack of germination on agar media was not attributable to lack of viability as spores of all four isolates germinated when enclosed in nylon screen bags and buried in pasteurized soil mix containing a coleus plant. Scanning electron micrographs determined that morphological characteristics of the four isolates differed as well. A new endomycorrhizal species, Glomus epigaeus, produces abundant chlamydospores in sporocarps on the soil surface. This species has been maintained for more than 1 year in pot culture on various hosts and produces 8-15 sporocarps monthly from each pot. A simple technique of shaking sporocarps in water with broken glass chips is described for the separation of spores from sporocarps. The epigeous habit, narrow, thin-walled, inserted hyphal attachment and bright yellow to yellow brown wall color in transmitted light separate G. epigaeus from Glomus macrocarpus, which is not known to fruit epigeously and has a much broader, thick-walled, noninserted hyphal attachment and brown wall color in transmitted light. The influence of physical and chemical factors on germination of Glomus epigaeus spores was tested in nonsterile soil. Soil moisture, temperature, and to a lesser degree, pH, appear to influence germination, while the levels of soil fertility and spore density tested had little or no effect. Maximum spore germination occurred in soil at or above field capacity, between 18-25° C and between 6-8 pH. These conditions seem closely related to the conditions optimal for growth of many host plants, and this relationship is discussed. Spore germination of Glomus epigaeus was completely inhibited in forest, dune and agricultural soils which were autoclaved, and in Chehalis silt loam which was gamma-irradiated or pasteurized as well as autoclaved. However, 65-80% germination occurred in most nonsterile soils, autoclaved or nonsterile kaolin and activated charcoal. Similar levels of germination occurred on nonsterile Chehalis silt loam containing nonmycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal and VA mycorrhizal seedlings, although penetration and infection was evident only in VA mycorrhizal host seedlings.
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