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Displacement transfer from fault-bend to fault-propagation fold geometry: An example from the Himalayan thrust front

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  • The leading edge of the ENE-trending Himalayan thrust front in Pakistan exhibits along-strike changes in deformational style, ranging from fault-bend to fault-propagation folds. Although the structural geometry is very gently deformed throughout the Salt Range, it becomes progressively more complex to the east as the leading edge of the emergent Salt Range Thrust becomes blind. Surface geology, seismic reflection, petroleum well, and chronostratigraphic data are synthesized to produce a 3-D kinematic model that reconciles the contrasting structural geometries along this part of the Himalayan thrust front. We propose a model whereby displacement was transferred, across a newly-identified lateral ramp, from a fault-bend fold in the west to fault-propagation folds in the east and comparable shortening was synchronously accommodated by two fundamentally different mechanisms: translation vs. telescoping. However, substantially different shortening distribution patterns within these structurally contrasting segments require a tear fault, which later is reactivated as a thrust fault. The present geometry of this S-shaped displacement transfer zone is a combined result of the NW–SE compression of the lateral culmination wall and associated tear fault, and their subsequent modification due to mobilization of underlying ductile salt.
  • Keywords: Lateral culmination wall, Displacement transfer, Fault-propagation fold, Pakistan, Salt Range, Fault-bend fold
  • Keywords: Lateral culmination wall, Displacement transfer, Fault-propagation fold, Pakistan, Salt Range, Fault-bend fold
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  • Qayyum, M., Spratt, D. A., Dixon, J. M., & Lawrence, R. D. (2015). Displacement transfer from fault-bend to fault-propagation fold geometry: an example from the Himalayan thrust front. Journal of Structural Geology, 77, 260-276. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.010
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  • 77
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  • The Oregon State University project in Northern Pakistan was supported by National Science Foundation Grants INT-8118403, INT-8609914, EAR 8318194 and EAR-8608224. Partial funding was provided by Anglo-Suisse (Phillips Petroleum), Thatta Concession (Phillips Petroleum and OGDC) and Texaco Inc. We also gratefully acknowledge financial support of the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada (DG-9146), and industrial sponsors of the Fold-Fault Research Project.
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