Final program details of Visible Possibilities: The Economics of Sustainable Fisheries, Aquaculture and Seafood Trade, the 16th Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics & Trade, held July 16-20, 2012 in the Hyatt Regency Kilimanjaro Hotel, Dar es Salaam Tanzania
Program book of Visible Possibilities: The Economics of Sustainable Fisheries, Aquaculture and Seafood Trade, the 16th Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics & Trade, held July 16-20, 2012 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Proceedings of Visible Possibilities: The Economics of Sustainable Fisheries, Aquaculture and Seafood Trade, the 16th Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics & Trade, held July 16-20, 2012 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Climate change will have a wide range of impacts on fisheries, other human uses of marine systems, and the coastal communities that depend on the ocean for their livelihoods. This presentation focuses on small-scale fisheries, providing a review of the current state of knowledge on social and economic impacts of...
A local fisheries management model employing short-term fisheries closures for rapidly growing species is proliferating across coastal east Africa and Indian Ocean islands. Aiming to improve management and boost incomes, NGOs, international finance institutions, and government agencies are promoting the technique in artisanal fishing communities. In southwest Madagascar alone, over...
Assuming a broad set of management goals, we analyze the implementation of a marine protected area (MPA) together with open access by applying a bioeconomic model that ensures unchanged growth post-MPA. Taking into account that conservation and restoration, food security, employment and social surplus are amongst the objectives that many...
This paper shows that the importance of fish habitat depends in part on the management of the fishery. Two cases of cold water coral - fisheries interactions are studied in a bioeconomic model setting: Norwegian and Icelandic redfish fisheries. The two countries have applied different types of management; Norway’s management...
We introduce a modified version of the standard Gordon-Schaefer fishery model. Standard theoretical models usually treat fishing effort as an aggregate measure encompassing all different types of inputs. Consequently, these models do not enable us to examine the problem of fleet redundancy and capital stuffing separately, i.e. two ways in...
In 2010, the New England Groundfish fishery adopted a sector-based management plan, wherein self-identifying groups of harvesters are allocated their collective total share of the harvest of each species as a group right, that they may manage in any way they wish. This means a single fishery with a single...
Quotas or permits are frequently used in the management of renewable resources and emissions. However, in many industries there is concern about the basic effectiveness of quotas due to noncompliance. We develop an enforcement model of a quota-regulated resource and focus on a situation with significant non-compliance and exogenous constraints...
Human-induced changes in life-history traits have been observed for many harvested populations, with a component of those changes being attributed to an evolutionary (i.e., genetic) response. Most notably, fish stocks that experience high fishing mortality show a tendency to mature earlier and at a smaller size. Some have suggested that...
Farmer-to-farmer extension approach was introduced for small-scale freshwater aquaculture development in the seven provinces of the southern Benin in the course of a technical cooperation project of Japan. Firstly, some relatively active and capable fish farmers were selected and trained together with extension officers of the government to be "core...
Understanding how people value ecosystem goods and services can provide important information to managers and planners. Marine protected area valuations often focus on marketed goods and services. For many traditional fisherfolk, however, non-marketed ecosystem services are critically important inputs to their wellbeing. Using discrete choice experiments (DCEs), we quantify the...
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Abstract: Artisanal or Small scale inshore fisheries are one of the economic sub sectors of the economy and make valuable economic contribution to the coastal communities of Tanzania. It provides rich protein food, employment, income thus contribute to their livelihood. The fishery also contributes significantly...
Nigeria has very low per capita consumption of animal protein when compared to some countries of the world. To redress this, research into the investment opportunity in the fisheries subsector, reputed to be nutritionally superior to livestock in animal protein content, should be emphasized. Investment and development in the artisanal...
Skipjack migrates from the equatorial region to the high latitude. Skipjack fishery is mainly exercised by the purse seine vessels. The stock evaluation of the skipjack is plentiful. However, in 2009, the catch of the Japanese offshore skipjack fishery declined. WCPFC Scientific Committee sixth regular session summary report mentioned that...
Traditionally, Mukene (Rastrineobola argentea) is always sun-dried because of its small size and large volumes caught per unit fishing effort. As such, the manner of handling has rendered it unacceptable to the majority of consumers due to poor quality which has resulted into high-post losses and relegation to animal feed...
In production and marketing of fish the women has a leading role as evident from their involvement in various stages. Involvement of women has in putting fish seed in pond or tank, nurturing these by providing food and adequate care. After catching, fish out of the pond or tank involvement...
Transdisciplinary approaches and innovative combinations of social and ecological theory are required to deal with complexity and change in fisheries and other human-ecological systems. This paper examines the interplay and complementarities that emerge by linking resilience and social wellbeing approaches to better understand and govern fisheries. After first discussing the...
Poverty is currently among the challenging global problems that requires sound alleviation strategies. The challenge relates to how poverty presents itself as highly varied in both context and content. Quite often, conventional approaches to the study of poverty and its alleviation have focused on what communities are deprived of or...
Climate change is set to have far-reaching ecological and economic consequences for the African continent and globally. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change, not only as a consequence of resource and technology constraints to adapt to climate change, but also due to a greater reliance on the productive...
The objectives pursued by governments managing fisheries may include harvesting the fish stocks to maximize profits, to minimize the impact of harvesting on the marine ecosystem, or to secure jobs in the fishing industry. These objectives all depend on the composition of the fishing fleet as the various vessel types...
The debate about whether international trade actually benefits for resource and all stakeholders in the chain is still unsettled. Even the benefits of international trade were addressed in some articles, the question about which signals for policy makers intervene in the market is still being raised. This paper attempts to...
Designing economic incentives to achieve a desired policy outcome from a fishery could be helped by exploring it within a game-theoretic context. We use Baltic salmon fishery to show how complex interactions between national fleets, offshore and coastal fishermen, and migratory stock dynamics can be analysed with a bio-economic model...
Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) has exhibited extreme sensitivity in its abundance and distribution in the face of decadal-scale climate regime changes. Warm regimes enhance the abundance of Pacific sardine and expand its distribution. Cold regimes lessen the abundance and restrict the distribution. For instance,...
The sustainable management of small-scale fisheries in coral reef ecosystems constitutes a difficult objective especially because these fisheries usually face several stringent pressures including demographic growth and climate changes. The implications are crucial in term of food security as fish represents the major protein source for local populations in those...
In Africa at least 10 million people depend in fisheries. 90% of fish is from the continent is landed by small-scale fishers. The value of landed catch from the continent is estimated at $2.7 billion annually. In southern Africa, the main fishery resources range from inland lake and river systems...
The implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) requires the development of new analytic tools to integrate environmental, ecological, and socio-economic data from various sources; to capture explicit interactions among ecosystem components; and to simulate and evaluate the effects of alternative management options. We are developing a computable general equilibrium (CGE)...
Over the past 30 years, fisheries management on the west coast of the United States has undergone a rapid evolution. Starting with very limited management and stock assessment techniques, the complexity of fishery models and size and breadth of fishery data sets have gradually increased, which has coincided with increasingly...
Different methodologies have been used in modeling the epidemiology and economics of aquaculture diseases, including input-output models, benefit-cost analysis, linear programming, simple spreadsheetbased models, compartment models based on differential equations, and spatial models. Despite the advantages that these models provide, there is a need to develop a more integrated approach...
With growing concern over sustainable production, consumption and food security, new risks and uncertainties are emerging for the seafood industry. These arise from diverse sources and multiple levels, including supplies availability, market drivers, NGO pressures, regulation etc. In the face of this, our traditional means of establishing ‚what is going...
Small-scale fisheries are no exceptions to the requirements of staying within the biological bounds of sustainability, by purposively limiting fish harvests, and of maintaining productivity of oceans and freshwater systems, by protecting ecosystem health and habitat quality. However, while these fisheries, like all others, have the potential to pose conservation...
Marine mammals and sea turtles are protected from commercial fishery interactions under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act . By design, enforcing area closures is generally less problematic than gear modifications from an enforcement standpoint. Consequently, non-compliance is a greater issue with gear modification regulations. The...
On the basis of proposals made by the European Commission, a reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) for the European Union is foreseen to enter into force during 2013. The European Commission proposal for the CFP reform was supported by an impact assessment analysing the economic, social, and environmental impacts of...
The current fish import deficit experienced in Nigeria has reached a level whereby the government has called on all citizens to engage in fish production through aquaculture in both homestead, cottage and industrial levels. The organized private sector, especially groups of women have taken it upon themselves to contribute their...
Socio-economic impacts of the tsunami and the nuclear power plant accident are discussed in this study. A strong earthquake hit Japan on March 11, 2011. It triggered massive tsunamis and as a consequence, 28,612 fishing boats (equivalent to 15.4% of the Japanese fishing boats) were lost or destroyed and 319...
Globally, alterations of marine food webs due to overfishing of species at high trophic levels are leading to unpredictable changes in coastal ecosystems. In parts of the Western Indian Ocean, increasing abundances of sea urchins (particularly Tripneustes gratilla) have been observed. Sea urchins’ grazing intensity on seagrass beds is generally...
When compiling metadata for use in a meta-analysis, many of the underlying studies report multiple estimates leading to issues of correlation or dependence. This paper examines the effects of different models and treatments for within-study correlation on meta-regression (MR) analysis and their corresponding implications on benefit transfer (BT) performance. Treatments...
Three years since 2008, white leg shrimp have exhibited fabulous growth rate and become a popular livestock along with black tiger shrimp and pangasius. This gives rise to the interest to investigate the value chain of frozen white leg shrimp exported to the U.S from Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Research...
Sector allocation catch share system is where a share of total fishing quota is allocated to a group of fishermen called sector. Whether or not to join a sector is voluntary, and as such there are sector members and non-members coexisting in the same fishery, where the latter will remain...
Consumers all over the world have a strong preference for fresh newly harvested fish, which is reflected in a higher market value compared to most other preserved and processed fish products. The perishability of the fresh fish and the distribution distance drive in contrary the fish value chains into preservation...
Namibia has certain very positive attributes for the development of the aquaculture sub-sector. In the last ten years great strides have been made in creating a cohesive, clear and efficient legal and regulatory environment for the development of aquaculture in Namibia. There is a necessity to exploit the conducive environment...
Recent trends reveal that fish rearing has became popular in Ogun State with the influx of new entrants into fish farming due to increasing demand for fish and fish products as well as an increase in awareness of relevant technologies. The need to study yield and revenue of fish cultured...
The estuaries and coastal waters of Northern Samar are characterized by an abundance of mud crab juveniles (Scylla serrata). These, however, are being overexploited by mud crab collectors with backing from financiers in other islands to the disadvantage of coastal poor producers. The SEAFDEC/AQD technology transfer of mud crab nursery...
At a 1969 conference, Coase provided rather scathing comment on a paper co-authored by Scott (Economics of Fisheries Management: A Symposium, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1970.) That comment is remarkable inasmuch as Scott thought that he was using a transactions cost approach based upon Coase (1960). This paper will...
Research on the linkages between climate change, coastal communities and gender is scarce. In this presentation we address this from a marine resource management perspective based on ecosystem goods and services, gendered adaptive capacity and its links to transformative agency. The hypothesis is that there are gender differences in resource...
The Northwestern African coast of the Atlantic Ocean is the one of the most productive coastal areas in the worlds‚ oceans. Small pelagic fishes, sustaining more than 80% of the Moroccan fisheries, highly depend on the productivity of the Canary Current and enhanced coastal upwelling by seasonal winds. On the...
Skipjack migrates from the equatorial region to the high latitude. Skipjack fishery is mainly exercised by the purse seine vessels. The stock evaluation of the skipjack is plentiful. However, in 2009, the catch of the Japanese offshore skipjack fishery declined. WCPFC Scientific Committee sixth regular session summary report mentioned that...
In the Pacific Ocean, the total catch of skipjack tuna has been increasing rapidly. Then, eight of Polynesian, Melanesian, and Micronesian countries (PNA countries) have concluded a cooperative management of tuna fisheries. Although those countries do not catch a large amount by themselves, the main migrating area is included in...
Fishermen often have the choice of fishing at a number of sites in their region. Introducing tradeable fishing rights has a long pedigree in economic thought as an appropriate instrument to ensure an efficient distribution of fishers between sites. This paper explored the question of coordination between two sites‚ one...
Fish is important for food security. This paper poses the question: Is fisheries and aquaculture just another food production system? It is highlighted here that fisheries and aquaculture sector is not just another food production system which is necessary for food and income but it is a system which has...
This paper discusses the development of aquaculture in the countries of the Gulf Cooperating Council (GCC) with particular emphasis on Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Aquaculture in the GCC countries, with some notable exceptions, has been slow to develop, with investors reluctant to invest in aquaculture projects that...
Research costs are constantly rising world-wide, research institutes are often bound to conduct research in bad weather conditions. Fish density accurate estimation made via acoustic echo integration is problematic in bad weather conditions due to acoustic signal attenuation by waterborne air bubbles and vessel movement, which result in an underestimation...
With international efforts to develop ecosystem-based management of ocean uses, there has been a growing call for the development of integrated assessment tools, including the design of models which can be used to identify possible futures and evaluate alternative management strategies. Along with this, there is increasing recognition that such...
There is growing realization of the potential for games and experiments as powerful tools for education, outreach and research in many fields of science. Particularly in fisheries management we face a growing demand for stakeholder involvement, which requires new ways in reaching informed decision making. Games and experiments can be...
A fisher’s decision making process is governed by some key questions that need to be answered for each fishing trip: whether or not to commence a fishing trip, where to go fishing and when to return to port. We studied these decisions on the basis of the results of questionnaire...
The significant revenue involved in marine aquarium trade notwithstanding, in developing countries generates gainful employment and alternate livelihood in rural sector to fishers. Despite rich biodiversity of marine ornamental fishes and ideal milieu for expansion of trade the sector remains at infancy. However, absence of primary database on marketing is...
The aquaculture of Holothuria scabra is under development in the southwest of Madagascar. In order to enable local communities to benefit from this new opportunity, Blue Ventures is implementing a village-based aquaculture programme, based on a public-private partnership with an international donor and a local private company. If the theoretical...
The Atlantic deep sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) is the target of a small, directed fishery in the Northeast US, which has been managed using total allowable annual catches (TACs) at the fleet level since 2002. Although not a catch share fishery, it shares many of the same features, behaviors,...
The contributions of small-scale fisheries to income and employment are well recognized but not sufficiently understood. It is difficult to gauge, for instance, whether this sector is economically viable, especially in the context of large-scale economic, social, political, and ecological change processes. These knowledge deficits create an environment of uncertainty...
India’s seafood export surged new heights and continued unabated amidst global recession. The exports surpassed 2.85 billion dollars with dynamic geographic and commodity diversifications. Indian economy grew consistently post liberalization with higher purchasing power and consistent demand for food products. The consumption behavior skewed towards protein food with increased fish...
Intensive small scale farming unit of the marine shrimps Farfantepenaeus notialis and Melicertus kerathurus has been developed in Cameroon as a strategy for family aquaculture. The project started in 2008 at Kribi as an initiative from a Bakoko traditional Chief (Salomon Madiba) who organized AQUASOL Company with the scientific and...
Problems and prospects in Developing Aquaculture for Livelihood enhancement in Gucha, Meru and Taiata Taveta in the Republic of Kenya Ernest Yongo. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu P.O. Box 1881 40100 Kisumu All correspondences to ernyongo@yahoo.com Abstract There is considerable variability in aquaculture production within the study areas...
The depletion of important fish stocks and the degradation of marine ecosystems are common problems worldwide. Two approaches that have been widely used to restore depleted fish stocks are the implementation of harvest control rules and the establishment of marine reserve networks. Harvest control rules, underpinned by the monitoring and...
GLOBALG.A.P. Is a not-for-profit private sector body that sets voluntary standards for the certification of production processes of aquaculture and agricultural products around the globe. Standards are designed to assure consumers about how food is produced on the farm. Serves as a practical manual for Good Agricultural Practice (G.A.P.) anywhere...
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are commonly used as a management tool to conserve marine resources. The conservation costs of MPAs are well known and often borne largely by local communities, while the benefits received by the communities are less known and more variable. Local communities become resistant to the idea...
A research was conducted to evaluate the economics of attaining food securing through growing African catfish, Clarias gariepinus sustainably in small culture chambers. A total number of 360 fingerlings of mean weight 8.10g were stocked in four (4) plastic tanks of 350 litre capacity each, stocked at 80 fish per...
WWF Coastal East Africa Initiative IIFET Abstract Estimating financial returns to Coastal States from their tuna resources, a preliminary analysis of the Western Indian Ocean Tuna harvesting sector Kwame Mfodwo, Colin Barnes, Jeremy Noye, Domingos Gove, Edward Kimakwa, Didier Fourgon, Katherine Short Corresponding Author: dgove@wwfesarpo.org This paper reports on Western...
Lake Victoria, with 68,800km2 of surface area, is the largest tropical lake and supports Africa‚ largest fishery. The Lake‚ waters are divided among three countries (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). Estimates indicate that riparian states earn US$500-US$550 million annually from fish catches from the lake. Fish biomass monitoring using acoustics and...
Climate and marine ecosystem research informs us that marine fish resources would come under increasing stress over the course of the 21st century as global climate change, ocean acidification and de-oxygenation combine with other stresses on the ocean, including heavy fishing pressure and marine pollution, to change the primary productivity...
Sierra Leone is blessed with suitable freshwater resources where freshwater and brackish-water fish species can be cultured. It shoreline is approximately 560km long with an estimated 4, 837.8km2 of wetlands and some 500,000ha of mangrove swamps that fringe the coastline. However, not much of these available natural resources has been...
One of the major tasks within the SOCIOEC project is the investigation of the incentive structure and associated behavioral responses of fishers related to specific management measures. To analyze the incentives several methods will be used, including a novel approach using the game ecoOcean. EcoOcean is a graphical interface presenting...
Fishery scientists distinguish between recruitment overfishing (i.e. suboptimally low reproduction because the spawning stock is fished down) and growth overfishing (i.e. catching fish at an inefficiently young age). We use an age-structured bio-economic model to study how important the (endogenous) recruitment is compared to the growth of individual fish under...
The aquaculture of Holothuria scabra has been identified as a highly potential alternative livelihood for the coastal communities of Southwest Madagascar. Despite the fact that the projects‚ results continue to improve, poaching in the pens remains a major threat to the future sustainability of the sector. With well-established market prices...
From the view point of several policy makers, open access inshore fishery is bad and needed to build up a new management plan. This study proves that the vessel owners‚ surplus still exist even under open access equilibrium, by looking at the level of rent being generated in the fishery....
Economic growth is accompanied with a shift of labor away from the natural resource sector. In developing countries some people have to leave fisheries as a way of making it possible for those who remain in fisheries to share in the productivity gains of the entire economy. Increased investment in...
Disease control decisions at a sector level often reflect different types of goals and incentives between various stakeholders. While government may pursue policy objectives to eliminate disease at any cost, for example, the success of such initiatives relies on the capability and desire of industry to adopt such measures as...
Multispecies fisheries add additional complexity for rights-based management implementation. Imperfectly selective fishing gear may make it difficult for fishermen to match their catch composition with the portfolio of total allowable catches chosen by management. If fishermen can perfectly target their catch, the problem of matching catches with quota allocations declines...
To keep pace with growing demand, wild fisheries are subject to high pressure. An increasing trend in the percentage of overexploited, depleted and recovering stocks is observed since the mid-1970s. In contrast, the aquaculture sector has been the fastest growing food industry since 1970. It has become a substantial source...
The notion of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) has permeated the fisheries economics literature over the last 40 years. The most long-standing prediction about ITQs has been extensively documented, namely that transferable property rights to harvest induce changes along the extensive margin via consolidation of quota among a smaller number of...
This study analyzes the determinants of the choice of remuneration systems and examines their influence on the economic performance of fisheries. The purse seine fisheries in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, are used as the study case, with data collected from 162 fishing households in 2005 and 2008. The principal‚ agent...
Identifying fishing vessel affiliations, which are groups of vessels connected by common owners or other factors such as ties to another business or contractual relationships, is important for two reasons. The first reason is that it allows for assessments of potential market power and/or equity considerations in catch share fisheries....
Session #504 A Benefit-Cost Analysis using ratios of annual costs and benefits was calculated for fish farmers (aquaculture) and fish marketers (including distributors, processors and retailers). Forty five of the 86 respondents had a benefit cost ratio higher than 1. Further analysis investigated effects of selected variables on ratios. Relative...
Two major institutional revolutions are impacting fisheries around the globe -- sustainability and property rights. The sustainability revolution ensures that fisheries and supporting ecosystems are conserved so that future generations can access healthy fishery resources. The second revolution creates institutions in the form of economic incentives and privileges that are...
The World Bank has constructed wealth accounts for nearly 15 years, most recently in The Changing Wealth of Nations. The accounts include produced capital, natural capital and human and social capital. Natural capital includes agricultural land, forests, subsoil assets and protected areas, but omit a number of critical natural capital...
Using renewable resources can provide society with (i) resource rent, (ii) consumer surplus and (iii) worker surplus in resource harvesting. In a dynamic analysis we show that privatization increases the present value of consumer surplus and worker surplus if harvesting productivity does not depend on the resource stock. If it...
Biologists have criticized traditional biomass models in fishery economics for being oversimplified. Biological stock assessment models are more sophisticated with regard to biological content, but rarely account for economic objectives. Recently, age-structured models of fish stocks have increasingly been used in fisheries economics, but applications have so far mainly been...
This study considers a cross sectional data of 210 farms to analyze the technical efficiency levels of intensive and semi-intensive fish farms in Ghana using the meta-frontier approach. This technique takes into consideration farms that operate under different technologies. It estimates technology gap that measures output from the frontier production...
There is worsening nutritional deficiency in Nigeria due to the inability of the country‚ food production rate to meet food demand rate, manifesting in widespread hunger and malnutrition. Nigerians are high fish consumers and offer the largest market for fisheries products in Africa because fish is the cheapest source of...
Climate change is generally agreed to be one of the biggest challenges facing the world today, and Australia is no exception. Marine fisheries productivity and distribution is predicted to change with ocean warming. Here, I will examine the economic consequences of climate change on the Australian fishing industry. I will...
Climate change is expected to impact the productivity of wild and farmed fisheries worldwide. These impacts will vary by region and consequently affect differently the supply to markets. Market driven interactions between fisheries from different regions and between different target species means that changes in supply from one region or...
Based on fieldwork on the occupational choice and the incomes of fishermen at Chilika lagoon, India, we built an overlapping generations model of a small open economy with access to a renewable common pool resource to show how the share of the workforce in the resource sector, the average income...
This study applied brand choice model and stated preference data collected in French context by means of choice experiment to investigate value of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of various fresh seafood species. The estimated models show that the extrinsic attributes (i.e. product forms, production method, and product origin) and intrinsic...
In most decision making involving natural resources, the achievements of the policy (e.g., better ecosystem) are rather difficult to measure in monetary units. To overcome this problem the paper develops a modified Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) to include these intangible benefits in intertemporal natural resource problems. The proposed CEA framework is...
Demand structure and market segmentation for seafood have been investigated intensively. However, most the researches so far applied traditional demand analysis and descriptive segmentation approach by separated models. The traditional demand analysis assuming consumer homogeneity, behavior consistence, and using aggregate data may result biased estimation, while the segmentation based on...
The Icelandic fisheries management system has always been controversial in Iceland. In the wake of the force of the financial crisis that hit Iceland the political debate has become increasingly emotional and heated. In this debate a rational understanding of the fisheries management system‚ aims and efficiency has lacked. Previous...
Catches and prices from many fisheries exhibit high inter-annual variability leading to variability in the income derived by fishery participants and communities dependent on the fisheries. The economic risk posed by this variability might be mitigated in some cases if individuals and communities participate in several different fisheries, particularly if...
This paper reviews New Zealand‚ orange roughly fishery management and applies a bioeconomic model to explain the seamount depletion externality by bottom trawling. The model shows that despite an upper limit on annual harvest, the potential gains in economic rent from trawling on pristine habitat, where catch rates are high,...