Index Catalog // ScholarsArchive@OSU

Effect of incising and preservative treatment on shear strength of nominal 2-inch lumber

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Rakesh, Winandy, Jerrold E., and Riyanto, Djoko S.
Abstract:: This study evaluated the effects of pretreatment incising of dry lumber and preservative treatment on the shear strength of 1980 pieces of 2 X 4 dimension lumber (nominal 50 mm X 100 mm X 3.6 m long). Three species groups (Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir. and Spruce-Pine-Fir-South) and two commercially produced machine-stress-rated grades...
Resource Type:: Article

Revisiting the neutral axis in wood beams

Creator:: Davis, Philip M., Gupta, Rakesh, and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: For wood beams, it is often assumed that the neutral axis (NA) is located at the centroid of the beam. This would be the case for isotropic and homogeneous materials but these prerequisites are not valid for wood. The varying grain patterns and knots located throughout wood make wood anisotropic...
Resource Type:: Article

Effect of grain angle on shear strength of Douglas-fir wood

Creator:: Gupta, Rakesh and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: The effect of grain angle (GA) on shear strength of Douglas-fir has been evaluated. Shear block specimens with a GA varying from 0 to 90° was loaded in the shear plane, resulting in failure mode transitioning from parallel to grain shear to rolling shear. As expected, shear strength decreased as...
Resource Type:: Article

Effect of Plan Configuration on Seismic Performance of Single-Story, Wood-Frame Dwellings

Creator:: Lucksiri, Kraisorn, Miller, Thomas H., Gupta, Rakesh, Pei, Shiling, and van de Lindt, John W.
Abstract:: A numerical investigation is presented on effects of plan configuration on seismic responses of single-story, wood-frame dwellings. 151 models were developed using observations of 412 dwellings of rectangular, L, T, U, and Z-shapes in Oregon. A nonlinear, time-history program, Seismic Analysis Package for Wood-frame Structures, was the analysis platform. Models...
Resource Type:: Article

Characterizing perpendicular-to-grain compression (C-perpendicular to) behavior in wood construction

Creator:: Basta, Craig Thomas, Gupta, Rakesh, Leichti, Robert J., and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: Current compression perpendicular-to-grain (C-perpendicular to) design values for wood members are based on mean stress obtained from ASTM D143 specimen. The standard ASTM test with metal on wood bearing has limited applicability in modern construction assemblies with C-perpendicular to loading scenarios. Previous work has shown that end-bearing conditions and wood-on-wood...
Resource Type:: Article

Method to Determine Locations of Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Shelters

Creator:: Park, Sangki, van de Lindt, John W., Gupta, Rakesh, and Cox, Daniel
Abstract:: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Great Tohoku Japan earthquake and tsunami focused a great deal of the world’s attention on the effect of tsunamis on buildings and infrastructure. When a tsunami impacts structures in a coastal community, the structures are often not strong enough to withstand the...
Resource Type:: Article

Successive earthquake-tsunami analysis to develop collapse fragilities

Creator:: Park, Sangki, van de Lindt, John W., Cox, Daniel, Gupta, Rakesh, and Aguiniga, Francisco
Abstract:: Over the last half-century, scientists and engineers have developed methods to better understand and mitigate the damage caused by tsunamis. According to U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) P646, buildings in many regions including the U.S. Pacific Northwest, will experience substantial ground shaking from an offshore earthquake that precedes a...
Resource Type:: Article

Damage Assessment of a Full-Scale Six-Story Wood-Frame Building Following Triaxial Shake Table Tests

Creator:: van de Lindt, John W., Gupta, Rakesh, Pei, Shiling, Tachibana, Kazuki, Araki, Yasuhiro, Rammer, Douglas, and Isoda, Hiroshi
Abstract:: In the summer of 2009, a full-scale midrise wood-frame building was tested under a series of simulated earthquakes on the world's largest shake table in Miki City, Japan. The objective of this series of tests was to validate a performance-based seismic design approach by qualitatively and quantitatively examining the building's...
Resource Type:: Article

The effect of elevated temperature exposure on the fracture toughness of solid wood and structural wood composites

Creator:: Sinha, Arijit, Nairn, John A., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: Fracture toughness of wood and wood composites has traditionally been characterized by a stress intensity factor, an initiation strain energy release rate (G[subscript init]) or a total energy to fracture (G[subscript f]). These parameters provide incomplete fracture characterization for these materials because the toughness changes as the crack propagates. Thus...
Resource Type:: Article

A Dual-Objective-Based Tornado Design Philosophy

Creator:: van de Lindt, John W., Pei, Shiling, Dao, Thang, Graettinger, Andrew, Prevatt, David O., Gupta, Rakesh, and Coulbourne, William
Abstract:: Tornadoes represent a unique natural hazard because of the very low probability of occurrence, short warning times (on the order of only a few minutes), and the intense and destructive forces imposed on engineered and non-engineered buildings. The very low-probability very high-consequence nature of a tornado strike makes designing for...
Resource Type:: Article

Wave Impact Study on a Residential Building

Creator:: van de Lindt, John W., Gupta, Rakesh, Cox, Daniel T., and Wilson, Jebediah S.
Abstract:: Recent natural disasters around the world including both tsunamis and hurricanes, have highlighted the inability of wood buildings to withstand wave and surge loading during these extreme events. Little is known about the interaction between coastal residential light-frame wood buildings and wave and surge loading because often little is left...
Resource Type:: Article

Effectiveness of Small Onshore Seawall in Reducing Forces Induced by Tsunami Bore: Large Scale Experimental Study

Creator:: Oshnack, Mary Elizabeth, Aguíñiga, Francisco, Cox, Daniel, Gupta, Rakesh, and van de Lindt, John
Abstract:: Tsunami force and pressure distributions on a rigid wall fronted by a small seawall were determined experimentally in a large-scale wave flume. Six different seawall heights were examined, two of which were exposed to a range of solitary wave heights. The same experiment was done without a seawall for comparison....
Resource Type:: Article

Evaluation of Tsunami Loads on Wood Frame Walls at Full Scale

Creator:: Linton, David, Gupta, Rakesh, Cox, Dan, van de Lindt, John, Oshnack, Mary Elizabeth, and Clauson, Milo
Abstract:: The performance of full-scale light-frame wood walls subjected to wave loading was examined using the Large Wave Flume of the Network for Earthquake Engineering (NEES) Tsunami Facility at Oregon State University. The hydrodynamic conditions (water level and bore speed) and structural response (horizontal force, pressure, and deflection) were observed for...
Resource Type:: Article

Evaluation of Remediation Techniques for Circular Holes in the Webs of Wood I-Joists

Creator:: Polocoser, Tiberiu, Miller, Thomas H., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: Remediation methods and strength predictions were evaluated for wood I-joists with single, circular holes in the webs, leaving utilities in place. A full-scale bending test using four equally-spaced point loads was applied to three depths of joists with varying flange widths and span lengths of 4.88 m and 2.44 m....
Resource Type:: Article

State of the Art: Seismic Behavior of Wood-Frame Residential Structures

Creator:: Kirkham, William J., Gupta, Rakesh, and Miller, Thomas H.
Abstract:: There are about 80 million single-family dwellings (SFD) in the United States, predominantly of wood-frame construction. Of these, 68% are owner occupied. A home is typically the largest single investment of a family, and is often not covered by earthquake insurance, even where it is available. Of all the houses...
Resource Type:: Article

Practical Modeling for Wind Load Paths in a Realistic, Light-Frame Wood House

Creator:: Pfretzschner, Kathryn S., Gupta, Rakesh, and Miller, Thomas H.
Abstract:: The objective of this study was to develop and validate practical modeling methods for investigating load paths and system behavior in a realistic, light-frame wood structure. The modeling methods were validated against full-scale tests on sub-assemblies and an L-shaped house. The model of the L-shaped house was then modified and...
Resource Type:: Article

Load Distribution in Light-Frame Wood Buildings under Experimentally Simulated Tsunami Loads

Creator:: Linton, David, Gupta, Rakesh, Cox, Dan, and van de Lindt, John
Abstract:: This paper presents the results of a test program whose goal was to better understand the contribution of individual elements to the performance of typical light-frame wood structures during tsunami loading. The intent was to be able to replicate failures in a structural engineering laboratory that were observed during laboratory...
Resource Type:: Article

Effects of Roof Pitch and Gypsum Ceilings on the Behavior of Wood Roof Diaphragms

Creator:: Kirkham, William J., Gupta, Rakesh, and Miller, Thomas H.
Abstract:: Ten full size (3.7 x 4.9 m) plywood roof diaphragms were constructed using metal plate connected (MPC) common and hip wood trusses or joists, typical of single-family dwelling (SFD) construction. The specimens included three gable roof slopes of 33, 67 and 100%, a hip roof of 33% slope, and a...
Resource Type:: Article

Effect of grain angle on shear strength of Douglas-fir wood

Creator:: Gupta, Rakesh and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: The effect of grain angle (GA) on shear strength of Douglas-fir has been evaluated. Shear block specimens with a GA varying from 0 to 90° was loaded in the shear plane, resulting in failure mode transitioning from parallel to grain shear to rolling shear. As expected, shear strength decreased as...
Resource Type:: Article

Effects of Dead Load and Multiple Earthquake Loadings on Seismic Performance of Wood-Frame Shear Walls

Creator:: White, Kevin B. D., Miller, Thomas H., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: Goals of this preliminary study are to better understand (1) earthquake performance of wood-frame shear walls carrying gravity loads, compared with walls without gravity load, and (2) performance of walls subjected to a sequence of earthquake motions, compared with walls subjected to a single earthquake. Tests with simulated earthquake ground...
Resource Type:: Article

Location of the neutral axis in wood beams: A preliminary study

Creator:: Betts, Sarah C., Miller, Thomas H., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: It is commonly accepted in the analysis of wood beams that the neutral axis coincides with the beam's centroid. However, wood is not an isotropic material, has different elastic properties in the tangential, radial and longitudinal directions, and is non-homogeneous, as it contains characteristics such as knots. Therefore, there is...
Resource Type:: Article

Tsunami bore forces on a compliant residential building model

Creator:: van de Lindt, John W., Gupta, Rakesh, Garcia, Rachel A., and Wilson, Jebediah
Abstract:: The forces exerted on light-frame wood buildings as a result of surge and waves are not fully understood. With a better understanding of these types of forces, it may eventually be possible to build coastal structures to better withstand the loads. In this paper, a recent two part experimental study...
Resource Type:: Article

Behavior of a One-Sixth Scale Wood-Framed Residential Structure under Wave Loading

Creator:: Wilson, Jebediah S., Gupta, Rakesh, van de Lindt, John W., Clauson, Milo, and Garcia, Rachel
Abstract:: The goal of this study was to develop an understanding of the nature of wave loading on a wood-framed scale residential building model for a variety of building configurations and test conditions. Testing was performed on a 1/6th scale two-story wood-framed residential structure. The structure was impacted with waves and...
Resource Type:: Article

Seismic performance testing of partially and fully anchored wood-frame shear walls

Creator:: White, Kevin B. D., Miller, Thomas H., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: Earthquake performance of wood-frame shear walls was evaluated by comparing fully and partially anchored walls under monotonic, cyclic, and earthquake loads and comparing with code measures. Suitability of monotonic and cyclic testing to predict seismic performance was examined. Earthquake tests were conducted on 2440-mm-square walls with Douglas-fir studs. Two oriented...
Resource Type:: Article

Revisiting the neutral axis in wood beams

Creator:: Davis, Philip M., Gupta, Rakesh, and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: For wood beams, it is often assumed that the neutral axis (NA) is located at the centroid of the beam. This would be the case for isotropic and homogeneous materials but these prerequisites are not valid for wood. The varying grain patterns and knots located throughout wood make wood anisotropic...
Resource Type:: Article

Applications of perpendicular-to-grain compression behavior in real wood construction assemblies

Creator:: Basta, Craig T., Gupta, Rakesh, Leichti, Robert J., and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: Compression perpendicular to grain (C┴) of wood is an important property and has a drastic effect on serviceability of the structure. Typical C┴ loading scenarios include the bottom chord of a truss resting on the top plate of a shear wall and chords of a shear wall resting on the...
Resource Type:: Article

Characterizing perpendicular-to-grain compression (C⊥) behavior in wood construction

Creator:: Basta, Craig Thomas, Gupta, Rakesh, Leichti, Robert J., and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: Current compression perpendicular-to-grain (C⊥) design values for wood members are based on mean stress obtained from ASTM D143 specimen. The standard ASTM test with metal on wood bearing has limited applicability in modern construction assemblies with C⊥ loading scenarios. Previous work has shown that end-bearing conditions and wood-on-wood C⊥ bearing...
Resource Type:: Article

Improving the Performance of Gypsum Wallboard in Wood Frame Shear Walls

Creator:: Goodall, Scott I. and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: The overall goal of this project was to design a wood frame shear wall that could withstand greater displacement before damage occurred to the gypsum wall board (GWB). A total of 14 shear walls consisting of seven different designs with two walls built per design were tested to failure. Six...
Resource Type:: Article

Modeling System Effects and Structural Load Paths in a Wood-Framed Structure

Creator:: Martin, Kenneth G., Gupta, Rakesh, Prevatt, David O., Datin, Peter L., and van de Lindt, John W.
Abstract:: The objective of this project was to evaluate system effects and further define load paths within a light-frame wood structure under extreme wind events. The three-dimensional 30- by 40-ft (9.1- by 12.2-m) building, designed to be representative of typical light-frame wood construction in the southeastern coastal region of the United...
Resource Type:: Article

Sustainable Development and Green Buildings

Creator:: Sinha, Arijit, Gupta, Rakesh, and Kutnar, Andreja
Abstract:: Global sustainability goals have led to the development of the green building movement. The Green Building Program, stemming from the movement, has had unprecedented success as it provides a quantifiable metric to people’s efforts towards sustainable development. Sustainable development and green buildings are often used interchangeably. Although, sustainable development and...
Resource Type:: Article

Dual-Objective-Based Tornado Design Philosophy

Creator:: van de Lindt, John W., Pei, Shiling, Dao, Thang, Graettinger, Andrew, Prevatt, David O., Gupta, Rakesh, and Coulbourne, William
Abstract:: Tornadoes represent a unique natural hazard because of the very low probability of occurrence, short warning times (on the order of only a few minutes), and the intense and destructive forces imposed on engineered and nonengineered buildings. The very low-probability/very high-consequence nature of a tornado strike makes designing for survival...
Resource Type:: Article

Damage Assessment of a Full-Scale Six-Story Wood-Frame Building Following Triaxial Shake Table Tests

Creator:: van de Lindt, John W., Gupta, Rakesh, Pei, Shiling, Tachibana, Kazuki, Araki, Yasuhiro, Rammer, Douglas, and Isoda, Hiroshi
Abstract:: In the summer of 2009, a full-scale midrise wood-frame building was tested under a series of simulated earthquakes on the world’s largest shake table in Miki City, Japan. The objective of this series of tests was to validate a performance-based seismic design approach by qualitatively and quantitatively examining the building’s...
Resource Type:: Article

A procedure for rapid visual screening for seismic safety of wood-frame dwellings with plan irregularity

Creator:: Lucksiri, Kraisorn, Miller, Thomas H., Gupta, Rakesh, Pei, Shiling, and van de Lindt, John W.
Abstract:: This paper highlights the development of a rapid visual screening (RVS) tool to quickly identify, inventory, and rank residential buildings that are potentially seismically hazardous, focusing on single-family, wood-frame dwellings with plan irregularity. The SAPWood software was used to perform a series of nonlinear time-history analyses for 480 representative models,...
Resource Type:: Article

Concept of Community Fragilities for Tsunami Coastal Inundation Studies

Creator:: Park, Sangki, van de Lindt, John W., Cox, Daniel, and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: Tsunamis have devastated coastal regions worldwide, with the most recent being the result of the Great Tohoku Japan earthquake and tsunami, which was a M9.0 undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred off the east coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. In this study, a fragility formulation is utilized to develop...
Resource Type:: Article

Evaluation of Remediation Techniques for Circular Holes in the Webs of Wood I-Joists

Creator:: Polocoser, Tiberiu, Miller, Thomas H., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: Remediation methods and strength predictions were evaluated for wood I-joists with single, circular holes in the webs, leaving utilities in place. A full-scale bending test using four equally spaced point loads was applied to three depths of joists with varying flange widths and span lengths of 4.88 and 2.44 m....
Resource Type:: Article

The effect of elevated temperature exposure on the fracture toughness of solid wood and structural wood composites

Creator:: Sinha, Arijit, Nairn, John A., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: Fracture toughness of wood and wood composites has traditionally been characterized by a stress intensity factor, an initiation strain energy release rate (G init) or a total energy to fracture (G f). These parameters provide incomplete fracture characterization for these materials because the toughness changes as the crack propagates. Thus,...
Resource Type:: Article

Thermal Degradation of Lateral Yield Strength of Nailed Wood Connections

Creator:: Sinha, Arijit, Gupta, Rakesh, and Nairn, John A.
Abstract:: This study investigated the effect of exposure to elevated temperature on the yield strength of single-shear nail connections when subjected to lateral loading. Solid sawn lumber and laminated veneer lumber were used as framing members and two different thicknesses of both oriented strand board and plywood were used as the...
Resource Type:: Article

Thermal degradation of bending strength of plywood and oriented strand board: a kinetics approach

Creator:: Sinha, Arijit, Nairn, John A., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: The construction industry has relied heavily on wood and wood-based composites, such as oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood for timber frame construction. Therefore, it is highly imperative to categorize the response of wood-based composites when exposed to elevated temperatures for a sustained period of time. The essence of fire-resistant...
Resource Type:: Article

Practical Approach to Designing Wood Roof Truss Assemblies

Creator:: Gupta, Rakesh and Limkatanyoo, Pranueng
Abstract:: The objective of this research was to use a three-dimensional (3D) analysis method to evaluate “system effects” in light-frame roof truss assemblies. The goal of this study was to develop an improved and practical design method for 3D roof truss assemblies used in residential construction. A truss plate manufacturer (TPM)...
Resource Type:: Article

A comparison of the shear strength of strucutral composite lumber using torsion and shear block tests

Creator:: Gupta, Rakesh and Siller, Tobias S.
Abstract:: The objective of this study was to compare the shear strength of structural composite lumber (SCL) based on shear block to that of shear strength based on torsion test. Shear blocks in two diflcrent orientations fom laminated veneer lumber, parallel strand lumber, and laminated strand lumber (LSL) were tested and...
Resource Type:: Article

Monotonic and cyclic load testing of partially and fully anchored wood-frame shear walls

Creator:: Seaders, Peter, Gupta, Rakesh, and Miller, Thomas H.
Abstract:: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of wood-frame shear walls under monotonic and cyclic loads by: 1) determining variability of shear wall performance; 2) comparing performance of walls under each loading protocol; 3) evaluating effects of anchorage on wall performance; and 4) evaluating performance of walls...
Resource Type:: Article

Performance of partially and fully anchored wood-frame shear walls under earthquake loads

Creator:: Seaders, Peter, Miller, Thomas H., and Gupta, Rakesh
Abstract:: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of wood-frame shear walls under monotonic, cyclic, and earthquake loads by: 1) comparing performance under each loading protocol; 2) evaluating effects of anchorage; and 3) eval-uating performance qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to code-deﬁned performance measures. Tests were conducted on...
Resource Type:: Article

Seismic Laboratory Testing of Energy-Efficient, Staggered-Stud, Wood-Frame Shear Walls

Creator:: Rodriguez-Nikl, Tonatiuh, Gupta, Rakesh, Kramer, Anthonie, and Sinha, Arijit
Abstract:: Residential energy use is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Reducing energy efficiency in conventional wood-framed houses are thermal bridges: direct paths that allow heat to flow through the studs instead of the insulation. One suggestion for reducing thermal bridging is the staggered stud (SS) wall....
Resource Type:: Article

State of the Art: Seismic Behavior of Wood-Frame Residential Structures

Creator:: Kirkham, William J., Gupta, Rakesh, and Miller, Thomas H.
Abstract:: There are about 80 million single-family dwellings (SFDs) in the United States, predominantly of wood-frame construction. Of these, 68% are owner-occupied. A home is typically the largest single investment of a family, and is often not covered by earthquake insurance, even where it is available. Of all the houses in...
Resource Type:: Article

Effects of Roof Pitch and Gypsum Ceilings on the Behavior of Wood Roof Diaphragms

Creator:: Kirkham, William J., Gupta, Rakesh, and Miller, Thomas H.
Abstract:: Ten full-size (3.7×4.9m) plywood roof diaphragms were constructed using metal-plate-connected (MPC) common and hip wood trusses or joists, typical of single-family dwelling (SFD) construction. The specimens included three gable roof slopes of 33, 67, and 100%, a hip roof of 33% slope, and a flat roof, with a horizontal bottom...
Resource Type:: Article

Effect of Plan Configuration on Seismic Performance of Single-Story Wood-Frame Dwellings

Creator:: Lucksiri, Kraisorn, Miller, Thomas H., Gupta, Rakesh, Pei, Shiling, and van de Lindt, John W.
Abstract:: A numerical investigation is presented on effects of plan configuration on seismic responses of single-story, wood-frame dwellings. 151 models were developed using observations of 412 dwellings of rectangular, L, T, U, and Z-shapes in Oregon. A nonlinear, time-history program, Seismic Analysis Package for Wood-frame Structures, was the analysis platform. Models...
Resource Type:: Article

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