In the United States, the wild horse population exceeds the recommended carrying capacity by about 60,000 horses.
• Current contraceptive methods include: surgical (removal of ovaries), hormonal (progesterone, GnRH), and immunologic (porcine zona pellucida, GnRH).
• SPACA3 is a sperm surface membrane protein involved in sperm-egg plasma membrane adhesion and...
Free-roaming horse (Equus caballus) management is a complex issue incorporating social, economic, emotional, political, and environmental factors. Currently, few proven field techniques exist for managing free-roaming horse population growth, which can reach 20–25% annually. Although there are several strategies available for sterilizing mares when managing free-roaming horse populations, surgical vasectomy...