Beginning in the late 1960s and throughout the past decade, unusual, perhaps neoplastic, large cells with rather consistent characteristics were described in mussels, clams, and oysters from several bays in the United States and the United Kingdom. The large, characteristic cells are thought by many workers to be abnormal leukocytes...
For 30 years, the pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) has been causing serious mortalities of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica in the Delaware and Chesapeake bays. Its life cycle is largely unknown, and methods for control are wanting. Breeding of resistant eastern oyster strains, at this time, offers the best hope for...
Perkinsus marinus is a protozoan parasite that causes a major disease of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica from Chesapeake Bay south along the Atlantic coast of the USA and throughout the Gulf of Mexico. It is a warm-season disease that kills eastern oysters at temperatures above 20°C. The pathogen requires salinities...
Perkinsus marinus is a warm-season protozoan pathogen (Phylum Apicomplexa) that parasitizes eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica from Chesapeake Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. In years of normal rainfall in Chesapeake Bay, P. marinus is limited by low salinities in the estuaries and is dormant during winter and spring. A few...
Wave setup and swash statistics were calculated from 154 runup time series steep beach under incident waves varying from 0.4 to 4.0 m significant wave height. incident wave height, setup, swash height, and total runup (the sum of setup and were found to vary linearly with the surf zone similarity...
In a recent paper, Sandwell and Agreen [1984; hereafter SA]
presented figures of global seasonal wind speed and sea state
as measured by the GEOS 3 satellite altimeter. Since that
time, Chelton and McCabe [1985; hereafter CM] have found
that problems exist in the algorithms used to retrieve wind
speed...
Sequences of coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) images from the offshore region adjacent to Vancouver Island, Canada, have been analyzed to estimate the time rate of decorrelation of surface phytoplankton chlorophyll pigment patterns. In these high-latitude, high-pigment areas, CZCS-derived pigment estimates were lower than those obtained from ship samples by...
Aerobic oxidation is important in the cycling of methane in the sediments of Lake Washington. About half of the methane flux from depth is oxidized to CO, in the upper 0.7 cm of the sediments and the remainder escapes into the water column. In terms of the total carbon budget...
Boundary-layer data from several different geographical locations are analyzed to document the behavior of boundary-layer shear above the surface. The influence of diurnal variation of stability is emphasized. The applicability of the power law for use in shear estimates is examined.
This study examines the inadequacies of formulations for surface fluxes for use in numerical models of atmospheric flow. The difficulty is that numerical models imply spatial averaging over each grid area. Existing formulations am based on the relationship between local fluxes and local gradients and appear to describe the relationship...
Lagrangian equations for momentum and buoyancy are developed for idealized turbulent fluid elements. The resulting formulation of transport can he viewed as a generalization of mixing length and parcel theories of mixing for application to gridded Eulerian models. This formulation of transport recognizes the mean gradients on the scale of...
The structure of turbulence in a strongly stratified nocturnal boundary layer is studied using fast-response aircraft data collected under clear sky conditions with weak ambient flow. The principal source of turbulence is shear generation near the top of the surface inversion layer. This shear is induced by the development of...
An analytical two-layer approximation of atmospheric flow is developed to study boundary-layer production of vertical motion. The model consists of a boundary layer topped by a free-flow layer. Both layers am time-dependent and possess different values of stratification. The boundary-layer equations are layer-integrated over a fixed depth and surface stress...
The relationships between beam attenuation spectra, chlorophyll and pheophytin pigment concentrations, and particle size distributions are examined for a coastal region (Monterey Bay area) believed to have negligible concentrations of terrestrially derived dissolved organic compounds (during May 1977) but large quantities of phytoplankton and resuspended sediments. It was found that...
Observations of sea surface temperature and wave height were made from a large, manned spar buoy (R/P FLIP) ~100 km off the coast of Baja California. Surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer which viewed a disc on the surface 12 cm in diameter. The instrument responded to frequencies...
Observations of oppositely directed, monthly mean alongshore currents and wind stress over the continental margin off the Pacific coast of North America motivate the theoretical examination of mean flow generation by topographic lee-wave drag. We formulate a barotropic model for wind-forced shelf-slope flow over variable topography. Our central objective is...
Subsurface temperature data and surface meteorological data are analyzed from thermistor chain moorings deployed near 50°N, 140°W during the Storm Transfer and Response Experiment (STREX). The upper-ocean heat and potential energy (PE) contents to 90 m are examined for an 18-day period and their changes compared to the sources and...
A series of profiles of velocity microstructure along 152°E in the western North Pacific Ocean were collected in May–June 1982. Large, averaged turbulent dissipation rates, ϵ, found in the main thermocline (400 to 1000 m) were determined by a combination of large independent estimates of ϵ and a greater rate...
For 74 days during the spring and summer upwelling seasons of 1981 and 1982, in conjunction with the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment, profiles of upper ocean currents were collected in the waters over the shelf and slope off northern California using a shipboard Doppler acoustic log. These measurements provide detailed...
Observations of vertical temperature microstructure at ocean station P during the mixed layer experiment (Mile) indicate that the shape of the high-frequency temperature gradient spectrum depends on the relative strengths of turbulence and stratification. For low Cox number ((dT/dz)²)/ (dT/dz)²• the linear range of the Batchelor spectrum is not well...
Four years ago, we noted that, although there was a widespread belief that the key to many ocean processes must be the communication of energy by internal waves, there had been little progress in definitely relating small‐scale processes to internal waves (Caldwell, 1983a). For example, although it seemed plausible that...
A new method is presented for estimating the vertical turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the daily mixed layer from the temperature data in the mixed layer and net solar irradiance data at the sea surface. We assume that fluctuations in the divergence of advective heat flux have longer...
Temperature was observed in the upper 80 m by moored thermistor chains at three locations in Rockall Channel west of Scotland. Isotherms were interpolated, and a 1‐week period of exceptionally energetic tidal oscillations was analyzed. The moored array (horizontal separations ranging from 6 to 20 km) was used as an...
Several methods are developed for analyzing data containing a highly variable internal tide. In particular, the methods are aimed at the analysis of moored observations with relatively few measurements in the vertical. The analysis depends upon an "elliptical decomposition" that is a generalization of the familiar "rotary decomposition." The technique...
A model is developed to calculate the upper ocean internal wave spectrum as modified by the surface boundary and mixed layer. The Garrett‐Munk spectrum is assumed to describe the deep ocean wave field. The main effect of the surface and mixed layer is to align the vertical structure of the...
The dissipation of internal wave energy in the turbulent boundary layer under pack ice is determined using a time‐varying boundary layer model with an eddy coefficient closure scheme. The magnitude of the eddy coefficient is determined by the ice drift velocity, which is assumed greater than the rms water velocity...
Ingestion and respiration by Metridia pacifica, the dominant large copepod during autumn and winter in the subarctic Pacific, were investigated by shipboard and laboratory experiments. Diel variation in the rate of grazing on phytoplankton by M. pacifica was determined from measurements of gut pigment content and gastric evacuation rate. Both...
Measurements of upper ocean shear made during the Mixed Layer Dynamics Experiment (MILDEX) provide evidence of large horizontal scale motion at near‐inertial frequency. The measurements consist of shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiles. Four large‐scale spatial surveys of 2–4 days duration were made by the R/V Wecoma as a set of...
An expression is derived for the rate at which the diffuse attenuation coefficient for vector irradiance approaches its asymptotic value in a homogeneous medium. The asymptotic approach rate is shown to be a function of boundary conditions at the surface and the asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient which is an inherent...
Two separate time series observations of light transmission in the bottom water on the Continental Rise off Nova Scotia show fluctuations of light transmission in a wide range, 0-50% transmission at λ = 660 nm. The range corresponds approximately to SPM concentrations of 12 mg/l to 150 μg/l. The former...
Measurements of cross-shore flow were made across the surf zone during a storm as a nearshore bar became better developed and migrated offshore. Measured infragravity band spectra were compared to synthetic spectra calculated numerically over the natural barred profile assuming a white run-up spectrum of leaky mode or high-mode edge...
We examine large-scale atmospheric behavior around the time of the spring and fall transitions in the coastal ocean off the west coast of North America. Records of adjusted sea level (ASL), coastal wind stress, sea level atmospheric pressure (SLP), and 500-mbar heights for the years 1971-1975 and 1980-1983 are analyzed....
A new class of nearshore waves based on the shear instability of a steady longshore current is discussed. The dynamics depend on the conservation of potential vorticity but with the background vorticity field, traditionally the role of Coriolis in larger scale flows, supplied by the shear structure of the longshore...
Thirty-two chemoheterotrophic bacteria were isolated from unsaturated subsurface soil samples obtained from ca. 70 m below land surface in a high desert in southeastern Idaho. Most isolates were gram positive (84%) and strict aerobes (79%). Acridine orange direct counts of microbes in one subsurface sample showed lower numbers than similar...
Bacteria and algae isolated from a wastewater oxidation pond were inoculated onto opposing surfaces of double-layer agar plates (Lutri plates) to determine the usefulness of such plates for studying microbial interactions. The altered growth characteristics of various algae depending on the species of bacteria on the adjacent medium surface indicated...
A series of satellite sea surface temperature (SST) intercomparison workshops were conducted under NASA sponsorship at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Three different satellite data sets were compared with each other, with routinely collected ship data, and with climatology for the months of November 1979, December 1981, March 1982, and July...
Dissolved C, N, P, and Si budgets for Tomales Bay, California, have been used to solve simultaneous stoichiometric equations which describe a plausible material balance for net organic matter reactions in the bay. Dissolved Si and P were both exported hydrographically. Dissolved C and fixed N were imported hydrographically. If...
The uptake of methylammonium (MA) by Chesapeake Bay phytoplankton was measured in short term experiments by using the 14C radioisotope. This uptake was inversely related to ambient NH4+ concentrations, and the specificity for uptake of both substrates was demonstrated by competitive inhibition. At stations with low ambient NH4+, MA uptake...
Chlorophyll-temperature profiles were measured across Lake Tahoe about every 10 days from April through July 1980. Analysis of the 123 profiles and associated productivity and nutrient data identified three important processes in the formation and dynamics of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM): turbulent diffusion, nutrient supply rate, and light availability....
Yield, occurrence of root canker (B deficiency), and leaf nutrient concentrations of the Morse strain of ‘Detroit Dark Red’ table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as influenced by combinations of lime and N, B, and P fertilizers were evaluated in three studies. Greatest total yields and most favorable distribution of root...
Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), carrots (Daucus carota L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were grown for 3 years on soils amended with S or lime and N fertilizer. Yields of all crops increased with lime application but response to N varied among crops and years. Lettuce head weight tended...
Corn (Zea mays L., 'Illinois WF 9x38-11') and potato (Solanum tuberosum L., 'Russet Burbank') were grown in dithizone purified nutrient solutions to contrast relationships between dry matter yield, tissue phosphorus (P) concentration, and tissue zinc (Zn) concentration as they influence the development of Zn deficiency and P toxicity. Treatments consisted...
Rockfishes, Sebastes spp.. were the most numerous and speciose fishes seen during 16 submersible dives from 64 to 305 m depth in the vicinity of Heceta Bank off the coast of Oregon. Dense schools of juvenile rockfishes and large yellowtail rockfish, S. flavidus, were observed only over rocky, high relief...
Anderson and DeWitt considered the quantization of a massless scalar field in a spacetime whose spacelike hypersurfaces change topology and concluded that the topology change gives rise to infinite particle and energy production. We show here that their calculations are insufficient and that their propagation rule is unphysical. However, our...
The initial-value problem is studied for evolution equations in Hilbert space of the general form d/dt A(u) + B(u) ϶ f, where and are maximal monotone operators. Existence of a solution is proved when A is a subgradient and either is strongly monotone or B is coercive; existence is established...
Diffusion in a fissured medium with absorption or partial saturation effects leads to a pseudoparabolic equation nonlinear in both the enthalpy and the permeability. The corresponding initial-boundary value problem is shown to have a solution in various Sobolev-Besov spaces, and sufficient conditions are given for the problem to be well-posed.
A procedure has been developed to optimize designs of metal-clad post-frame buildings using an expert system. The novel part of the study is the development of a procedure that extends the solution of an engineering problem from a conventional algorithmic Computer Aided Design (CAD) program to be used by the...