A Monte Carlo model was used to study the scattering error of an absorption meter with a divergent light beam and a limited acceptance angle of the receiver. Reflections at both ends of the tube were taken into account. Calculations of the effect of varying optical properties of water as...
"The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) is a small diving seabird of the Alcid family which is on the Federally Threatened Species list, and is state listed as endangered or threatened in California, Oregon, and Washington (Nelson, 1997). Because their nests are dispersed and difficult to locate within old forests on...
The Geographic Information System (GIS) is an invaluable tool in manipulating and
interpreting world scale datasets. In recent years it has become the standard link between
water resource study and the ever-increasing numbers of high quality data sets. This
paper describes the use of Geographic Information Systems for gathering and...
In this study, LIDAR, light detection and ranging, was examined as to its ability to
depict the existence of forest roads and 'legacy' roads. LIDAR is most often used to
'see' though the trees or vegetation to get an accurate representation of the terrain. As
opposed to trying to remove...
The scale dependence of velocity variances is studied using data collected from a grassland site, a heather site, and four forested sites. The dependence of velocity variances on averaging time, used to define the fluctuation quantities, is modeled. The crosswind velocity variance is emphasized, because it is more difficult to...
The growth of linear disturbances to stable and unstable time-periodic basic states is analyzed in an asymptotic
model of weakly nonlinear, baroclinic wave–mean interaction. In this model, an ordinary differential equation
for the wave amplitude is coupled to a partial differential equation for the zonal-flow correction. Floquet vectors,
the eigenmodes...
While the objectives of pruning and tree training have changed little over the years, the need for attention to pruning and training has increased dramatically. Pacific Northwest cherry growers now compete in a world market, making fruit size and quality increasingly important. In addition, labor is less available and more...
Varieties of several kinds of vegetables were observed in conjunction with breeding programs. Unless otherwise noted, plots were 10–20 feet long, in 36-foot rows, and received about 450 lb/acre (about 10 lb/1,000 ft2) of 12-29-10-4 fertilizer banded prior to planting. Water was applied every 7–14 days as needed. The soil...
Seed production varies greatly among and within weed species in part due to environmental variability between years, competition from
neighboring plants, and genetic variability. For example, while Canada thistle has been observed to produce as few as 680 seeds per plant, curly dock often produces more than 30,000 seeds per...
Often, when people buy a small farm they simply want someone to tell them what they can “do” with it. As strange as it might seem, this isn’t an easy question to answer. When landowners begin to make
important decisions related to the use of their property,
they might not...
Frequent and regular contact will help you develop a positive relationship with your grandchildren. Visits give you a chance to spend time together—with and without your grandchildren’s parents—getting to know each other’s interests and stories. Planning will help you make the most of your visits with your grandchildren.
Reading is a way to share human experiences. Intergenerational bonds
can be built and strengthened by relating storing to personal experience. Reading also can help develop reading, writing, and speaking skills. Ideally, books match one’s interests, motivation, and reading ability. Here are some considerations when exploring and
choosing books for...
Although much is known about the effects of electroshock on fish physiology, consequences to the immune system and disease progression have not received attention. Our objectives were to determine the effects of electroshock on selected immune function in juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, the mechanism of any observed alteration,...