A soil container 12 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep was constructed around the root ball of a 92-foot Douglas-fir tree in a naturally regenerated stand. The weighing mechanism, consisting of 550 feet of
2.5-inch butyl rubber tubing filled with water connected to a standpipe,
was placed under the...
The conceptual framework of an erosion model has been designed to link processes of mass wasting, surface erosion, and channel storage and transport. A program to stimulate mass wasting will be based on a variation of the factor of safety approach which balances forces tending to drive mass movement against...
A study of the phosphorus dynamics in castle Lake, California, is presented.
The approach is (1) to identify the important phosphorus parameters,
(2) to develop and apply methods measuring the parameters in the
field and (3) to develop a computer model of the phosphorus cycle. This
model will be used...
Studies of vertical as well as horizontal distributions of fishes often require the use of gill nets hung vertically from the surface to the bottom. By using gill nets in this fashion it is possible to sample the entire water column as a continuous variable.
The preliminary results of a study of the insect emergence at Findley Lake in the Cascade Mountains of Washington during 1972 are presented. Bottom samples were taken from different regions of the lake to compare
the insect emergence at the surface, the physical conditions of the bottom,
and the biological...
"This report presents a reference list of available studies on aboveground forest biomass, together with (1) methods of sampling and estimation and some of the problems and errors associated with each method (given as an aid to comparison of data), (2) some results obtained from the literature of field estimates...
Populations of mites and.nematodes were monitored on Watershed 10, H. J.
Andrews Forest. A minimum of 50 families and 60 genera of mites are
present, the majority being Cryptostgmata. Population estimates vary
from 5000-350,000 per square meter. Nine categories of nematodes are
present, most belonging to the saprozoic, dorylaimoid, aquatic...
A steady-state model designed especially for analysis of gas exchange studies of terrestrial net photosynthesis is discussed. The model expresses net photosynthesis as a function of light, temperature, CO₂ concentration, stomatal resistance, and other factors. The parameters of the model are
estimated from data by nonlinear least-squares. The data set...
A fast response meteorological instrument system for measuring parameters
used in calculating evapotranspiration above a forest stand is described.
Comprised of Gill-type propeller anemometers, Brady-array humidity sensors,
thermistor air-temperature sensors and a Metro-Data digital tape recorder,
the system was designed to measure eddy fluctuations in the range from one
to...
A method of measuring the dehydrogenase activity of sediments at lOC was
calibrated by direct microcalorimetry at the same temperature. Field
measurements of dehydrogenase activity of sediments in Lake Washington
were converted to rates of metabolic heat release by means of the significant
regression of dehydrogenase activity on metabolic heat...
This bibliography, an apparently haphazard sampling of literature from many sources, grew out of a general project that was intended to elucidate the role of consumers in the forest system. The 124 articles
briefly abstracted here are ones that give some insight into the role of foliage-feeding insects. The process...
Basidiomycete fructifications collected at the research site were Cortina sp., Amanita sp., Armillaria sp., Polyporus abietinus,
Fomes annosus, Poria spp., Fomes pinicola, Coprinus spp., and Cantharellus cibarius.
Fungal organisms isolated from partially decomposed needles were phycomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti, and organisms isolated from
undecomposed needles were primarily yeasts ... The...
Macroinvertebrates were sampled on a regular basis from March to October
1973. A relationship between chironomid length and biomass was established.
Production equations to be used for these insects are reported. A similar
length/weight relationship is presently being explored for the oligochaetes.
A proposal is made for calculating their production...
On 20 March 1972 three snow cores and one surface snow sample were taken on the Findley Lake watershed to obtain a preliminary estimate of the elemental composition of the snowpack. Variation in chemical composition
with depth and between forested and open areas was also investigated. Data from Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺,...
Two major objectives were accomplished.
1. A summary of the work done during 1970-71 on a single species intra-specific competition model was written. 2. A multispecies predator-prey model, incorporating the competition mechanism of the single-species model, was developed almost to completion. The single species model is a computer program that...
SIMCOMP is a computer programming system which is designed to aid biologists with a limited knowledge of FORTRAN programming to design and execute compartment-flow simulations. The system is designed to minimize the programming overhead required by any computer language while maintaining
sufficient flexibility of FORTRAN. This flexibility does allow interfacing...
The specific objectives of the program are: (1) To understand the relative behavior of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in various environments in the biome. (2) To develop conceptual and computer simulation models that describe nutrient, carbon, and waterflows on a short-term basis (fewer than ten years) and which integrate research...
"During the four meetings of the consumer modeling committee, discussion centered on the formation of systems models and the
problems they will pose for researchers concerned with consumer populations. Two coarse models were developed from these discussions, a compartment model (Figure 1) and a process model (Figure 2). The
compartments...
To determine productivity of fish, we will require an estimate of relative abundance that can be expanded later into estimates of biomass. Our work has shown that much of the fish production in Lake Washington is in the form of nonsalmonid and nongame species, such as peamouth and northern squawfish....
The Coniferous Forest Biome has access to several strip chart recorders but is definitely limited with respect to data-logging equipment. The methodology reported in this paper interfaces the common strip chart with the Coniferous Forest Biome Information bank storage system by
converting the strip chart data to card image data...
Direct-beam solar radiation is presented in graphical and tabular form for hourly, daily, and yearly values for 7 slopes on 16 aspects at 45 and 47.5 degrees north latitude. Theoretical equations necessary for the calculations are given. Solar altitude and azimuth during the day and year are also presented for...
Diurnal changes in stem circumference at the 1954 and 1963 internodes of a 22-year-old Douglas-fir were monitored using automated
band dendrometers. Determinations of internal tree water potential and estimates of transpiration were used to characterize the water status of the tree. Environmental monitoring included the measurement
of air temperature along...
Preliminary results of a comprehensive study of hydraulic fluctuations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stems in response
to plant water status and environment are presented. Diurnal changes in stem circumference near DBH of a dominant Douglas-fir were monitored using automated band dendrometers. Measurements of transpiration rate, internal moisture stress and stomata...
The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow
oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water
model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme
has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of
It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are...
During Biome 1, our primary objective was identification of the dominant fungi involved in litter decomposition. Two survey methods
were used: (1) a survey of macrofungi occurring on Watershed 2 based on fruiting bodies collected and cultures; and (2) a survey of microfungi on decomposing foliage based on cultures isolated...
Sixteen propeller anemometers were placed 29 meters above a 45-year-old (approximately) Douglas-fir stand. Correlations between paired anemometers, when viewed as a function of distance between them, showed that eddies up to 5 meters in diameter were common, and indicated that larger eddies up to 9 meters across occur. Partial correlation...
Macrobenthos populations of the IBP lakes were sampled during October and November of 1972. Analyses of the samples revealed dominance of chrinomids and oligochaetes in both littoral and profundal regions for at least this time of year. Due to sampling difficulties the oligochaete material was not used for chemical analyses....
Data on soil temperature at two locations and five depths, tensiometer readings, and soil moisture release curves for the soils of Findley Lake are presented in this report.
One of the major objectives of the Western. Coniferous Biome is to understand the relation between terrestrial ecosystems and the chemical and biological properties of drainage waters. The first year of study on such a program has been completed and has primarily entailed a year of descriptive studies.
The fleshy carpophores of fungi fruiling, on soil and litter were collected from watersheds 2, 3, and 10, IBP sites located in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest near Blue River, Oregon (122° W, 44° N). No effort was made to systematize collections: all
carpophores in fresh condition seen were taken....
FLEX1 is a general model processor, patterned after Klir's
General Sequential System Paradigm (Figure 1). Specifically, the
processor is a discrete time flux oriented realization of the general
paradigm and can process non-linear, non-stationary, environmentally
controlled state variable system models with explicit memory. The
current version is restricted to not...
The objectives for year have been the gathering of existing information, initiation of monitoring water quality, evaluation of analytical methods and procedures for measuring nutrient regeneration in the sediment-water interface, and the study of growth-environment correlations in Findley Lake, Chester Morse Reservoir, and Lakes Sammamish and Washington. Progress was made...
Grazing rates and density of the crustacean zooplankton were measured
in Findley and Chester Morse Lakes and Lake Sammamish, Washington.
Sample analysis is incomplete at reporting time, thus estimates of
production from examination of life stage biomass changes was not possible.
Maximum density of crustacean zooplankton was about 10/1 in...
Zooplankton grazing rates and life history stage densities for secondary
production estimates were determined in three lakes in the Cedar River
watershed, Washington. Eight copepod species, seven cladoceran and nine
rotifer species were identified in the three lakes. No one species of
cladoceran or copepod occurred in all the lakes,...
"In the past few years the Coniferous Forest Biome (CFB) program has developed working contacts with scientists in Germany, Japan, and Australia. The success of these cooperative arrangements led to a continued exploration of coordination with scientists in other countries. This paper reports on a
tour conducted through Belgium, Holland,...
A total of 23 forest communities have been identified and characterized in a preliminary manner. Data used in formulating the classification had previously been collected on 300 reconnaissance plots located on the
H. J. Andrews Forest and surrounding area. Vegetation classification was facilitated by similarity analysis and stand ordination procedures...
Research concerning the indigenous slug, ArioZimax coZumbianus G., followed
a three-pronged approach resulting in information on spatial distribution,
population dynamics, and consumer roles. Investigations were carried out
in a high slug density site at Carkeep Park, Cedar River and the laboratory.
The purpose of the past year's research was to begin measurement of the respiratory metabolism of zooplankton and phytoplankton in four lakes in the Lake Washington drainage. This was done, using an enzyme assay for the activity of the electron transport system. The lakes were sampled frequently and depth profiles...
Insects represent the most diverse and abundant group of consumers
know. The overall objective of this study was to obtain relative density
estimates of the dominant taxa and identify their primary functions in
order to assist consumer modelling efforts.
A convenient method of portraying functions of n dimensions to aid modeling
is needed. Unfortunately, visual representations are limited to only
two independent variables. ISO was written to partially meet the demands
of two-independent-variable graphics.
Much effort can be saved by having well-documented field notebooks and field sheets. ITABLE will produce notebook pages filling in the collector's name, dates, stations, and depths.
The Washington Cooperative Fishery Unit at the College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Is carrying on studies of fishes in Lake Washington as part of the International Biological Program sponsored by
the National Science Foundation. One of our interests Is. in the effects of temperature on the movements of fishes...
Forty-nine genera and ninty-eight species of Lichenized fungi are reported from the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (Oregon). Substrates, growth form, and type of phycobiont are indicated for each taxon.
"The information in this paper on litterfall in stands of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) was developed from a series of studies carried out to determine the pattern and quantities of litterfall of various
tree species grown at the University of Washington Charles Lathrop Pack Forest in western Washington. This...
This report lists 98 microfungi found in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Lane County, Oregon, between June 1970 and
August 1972. The taxonomic treatments of the Ascomycetes and the Fungi Imperfecti in general follow Dennis (1968) and Barnett (1960), respectively. Specimens are deposited in the herbarium at Oregon State...
Intensive studies of the mineral cycling process in young-growth Douglas-fir stands have been in progress at the R. H. Thompson Research Center since 1966. During this time, a substantial body of information has been collected on the amounts, pathways, rates
of transfer, and mechanisms that control transfer of elements in...
Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to
develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the...
In the Coniferous Forest Biome, many of the understory as well as
dominant plants are evergreen and thus water uptake is a year around
process. The flow of water from the soil through plants to the atmosphere
affects the entire forest ecosystem. As water is evaporated, it absorbs
heat and...
Although no formal project in mineral cycling was defined for 1972, three modeling efforts were begun: calcium cycling at Cedar River, litter decomposition, and miombo ecosystem. The calcium cycling model is a simple compartment model and was developed as a practice exercise. It demonstrates the inadequacy of linear-donor control formulation...
Field and laboratory studies are being conducted to describe the hydrologic properties of soil and to determine the timing pathway of precipitation and snowmelt water as it moved through forested soil on a steep slope. Hydrologic properties include hydraulic conductivity, porosity, pore-size distribution, moisture characteristics, stone content, and soil depth....
Nitrogen fixation rates were determined periodically by the acetylene
reduction technique at three depths in each of the lakes. Fixation began
in June in Lakes Washington and Sammamish and peaked during July and
August. Chester Morse and Findley Lakes did not exhibit acetylene
reduction activity until August and the rates...
The feasibility and enumeration studies have led to the following conclusions: The nitrogen fixation studies should be done in 1973, using acetylene reduction technique with some verification by N15. The denitrification studies should be done with N15 technique. The decision to continue more enumeration sampling of nitrogen transforming bacteria should...
Aquatic mineral measurements and sediment characterization of the Cedar
River basin lakes and streams reveals two largely distinct physical and
chemical environments. Near the headwaters of the Cedar River Watershed
the composition of lakes and streams reflect adjacent rocks but the effects
of forest and agricultural practices and of processes...
In this study, we examined the loss of selected chemical elements, mass, and energy from decomposing quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and alder (Alnus
crispa subsp. sinuata (Regel) Hult.) in upland aspen and birch stands near Fairbanks, Alaska. The following summary of the work,
much...