A serious impediment blocks advancement of individual transferable quota (ITQ) policy in the United States, particularly in North Pacific fisheries being considered for ITQ management. The traditional ITQ design, that allocates rights to only the harvesting sector, unintentionally expropriates wealth/property interests from the co-dependent-processing sector. This regulatory expropriation is a...
The use of artificial reefs in the creation of commercial and recreational fisheries has received growing attention in recent years, and artificial reef development programs are now being undertaken by a number of countries worldwide. Despite a substantial volume of scientific information on the technical and biological aspects of artificial...
This study examines the status of women and their contributions to the fishing industry in West Africa with a particular emphasis on Nigeria. The existence of varied fish resources in the region can play a significant role in the nutritional and economic well being of the people as it relates...
Under the new Law of the Sea, the definition of exclusive zones was considered an important first step towards improved management of the world's fisheries. However, one of the limits to the effectiveness of extended Jurisdictions was the problem of transboundary fish stocks. This question recently appeared at the centre...
The development of several sub-fields of general economics, including those of bounded rationality, institutional economics and the evolutionary economics, has expanded the scope and intensity of the dialogue both within economics, as well as between economists and other scientists. One of the more important preoccupations of early evolutionary economics was...
Before 1991, the Department of Fisheries was the sole formal fisheries management authority in Sierra Leone. This authority's management of the fisheries resulted, however, in less than 10% of the estimated annual resource rent accruing to government and in increasing the importance of resource over-exploitation. To improve stock conservation and...
There is great concern at present that fish stocks are being depleted by over-fishing. Part of the problem of over-fishing is caused by the common property nature of the fishery resources. In particular, high seas fishery resources, such as highly migratory fish stocks (HMFS) and straddling fish stocks, suffer from...
Market failure in open access fisheries usually results in economic losses, because the most efficient means of harvesting fish resources are not used, and because fish resources are not allocated to the use with the highest social marginal value. In efficient, competitive markets, pricing mechanisms would ensure the optimal allocation...
Les importations de poisson jouent un rôle prépondérant ans l'approvisionnement de la population camerounaise en matière de produits de pêche. Avec près de 12 millions d'habitants pour une croissance de 3,2 %. la demande globale de poisson plafonne autour de 200 000 t par an alors que la production locale...
As the various mechanisms of fisheries resources management have matured, fishermen increasingly have responded by devising and developing different forms of collective representation. Within the European Union (EU), Producer's organisation (POs) provide a voluntary organisational structure which has evolved since its inception in the 1970s. During the intervening period, POs...
The purpose of the Australian National Fisheries Adjustment Scheme (ANFAS) project is to develop a policy framework under which structural adjustment can occur in a coherent and coordinated manner, and to develop operational guidelines on how to develop structural adjustment schemes. The ANFAS will not establish a mandatory scheme, nor...
The United Kingdom is the world's second largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon. It also represents one of the larger markets for the product. During the 1980s, there was rapid growth in the industry stimulated by high market prices and major technological advances. While there was a substantial increase in...
In developed country markets, the consideration of consumer wants has not been prominent hitherto in aquaculture production decisions. Like capture fisheries aquaculture has been product driven. This supply-side focus reflects an emphasis upon technical solutions to the production and capacity problems of high unit value (HUV) species culture. Whilst this...
The Traditional Management of Artisanal Fisheries in North East Nigeria project (TMAF) has been funded by British Overseas Development Administration (ODA) to investigate the possibilities for designing a more effective management system for fisheries of the Sub-Saharan Savanna region using a community-based approach. The need for a new approach is...
This paper relates fish market and product development to consumer habits, perceptions, income, and other socio-economic factors through descriptive statistics and logic model analysis. The study collects and analyzes information needed for guiding public and private decisions in domestic fish market development. A 1994 survey interviewed a sample of 130...
Japan is the number 1 country in the world in terms of tuna harvest[1]. For example, it started from about 294,961 tons in 1975, then reached its peak at 371,103 tons in 1985. Although the harvest declined since 1985, it bounced back for the recent years and reached 343,611 tons...
As a Member State of the European Community (EC), the United Kingdom's marine capture fisheries must be managed within the framework of the Community's common fisheries policy (see Box 1). Since 1983 this has included a system of annual total allowable catches (TACs) for most commercially important stocks within the...
El Archipielago de Colon, more commonly known as the Galapagos Islands, is a province of Ecuador located about 600 miles off the coast of South America. It consists of approximately 45 volcanic islands (15 major and 30 minor) plus scores of smaller islets and rocks. The total land area is...
In this paper, we study the short run price dynamics of imported fresh, farmed Atlantic and Pacific salmon on US regional markets. An Error Correction framework is used to specify a short run model. The results show a substitute relationship among the different salmon species in that an adjustment process...
The natural market selection of the Italian aquaculture farms, mainly happened in the years' 90, need to determine and check their strength and weakness points: this will be capable either to modulate the managerial strategies in function of market trend and set up entry barriers. The study has been carried...
The paper analyses the annual accounts for the period 1990-94 of a sample of approximately 100 fishing firms operating out of ports in Schleywig-Holstein and exploiting finfish stocks in the North Sea and Baltic, and shrimp stocks in the North Sea. Detailed information is provided on costs and returns by...
The World Food Summit which will be held at FAO in Rome in November of this year is expected to adopt a Plan of Action to Achieve Universal Food Security. World fisheries and international trade in fishery products will form part of the considerations of Heads of State and Government...
En quelques années, l'Indonésie est devenue un des premiers pays producteurs de crevettes. L'extension et l'intensification rapide des élevages a des répercussions socio-économiques et écologiques majeures. Après un pic de 130.000 tonnes en 1992, la production est tombée à 100 000 tonnes en 1993. Depuis, le développement de nouveaux sites...
In considering fisheries regulation in the next decade, I make a concluding point that may become a major theme. This is that individual permanent catch quotas of a regulator-determined TAC are only a stage in the development of management from licensing to private rights (Scott 1989). The condition of open...
The prices of Finnish salmon and aquacultured rainbow trout have dropped to a new all-time low in 1995. The price, in real terms, the fishers were paid for domestic salmon in the beginning of the 90's was only one fourth of what it had been in 1980. This price decline...
Catering establishments in Finland are very heterogeneous (restaurants, hotels, personnel canteens, hospitals, schools etc.). These kitchens annually prepare over 600 million meals with the total number of kitchens at over 20,000. The objective of this study was to estimate quantity and frequency of fish consumption within the Finnish catering market....
Applied research is often motivated by the economic benefits it will give rise to. These benefits are due to either improved production techniques or new products. The realisation of these objectives depends much on the assessment of different research alternatives and allocation of resources between them. Also within aquaculture research...
The basic hypothesis underlying this paper is that the amount of fishing that a fisher undertakes over a year is not determined solely by circumstances which are exogenous to the fisher, such as weather conditions and resource availability, but are the subject of individual choice. As such, the decision can...
Japan is both the largest producer and consumer of tuna in the world. However, Taiwan has been a major exporter to Japan of Thunnus albacares and Thunnus obesus recently. For example, the market shares of Taiwan's supply are 20% for T. albacares, and 44% for T. obesus in 1992. Hence,...
The following paper presents the results of a detailed investigation into the distribution, characteristics and performance of fisheries management systems in the major fisheries of north-east Nigeria (Upper River Benue, Lake Chad and the Nguru-Gashua Wetlands). A key focus of the research was to examine the possibilities for using a...
While accurate information about developments in the fisheries of the former USSR is somewhat difficult to obtain, certain trends have been remarked on by Russian, Baltic State[1], and international observers, and some data is available to support them. The objective of this research is to collect, assess, crosscheck, analyze, and...
Gear technologists have, in recent years, developed rigid sorting grids, Sort-X, in bottom trawls, to improve the size selectivity of this type of gear. Experiments with the Sort-X system in the aft sections of trawls were carried out aboard Norwegian and Russian trawlers along the coast of Northern Norway and...
The aim of this paper is to specify the arising preferences within a theory of demand for seafood products through a socio-economic quantitative analysis. The relevance of standard economic variables is discussed by introducing additional socio-demographical variables in a multivariate statistical analysis. The position of seafood among other food products...
The main research question in this paper is: What impacts do the perceived structural changes in (1) consumer demand for fresh quality and (2) mobility (trade) barriers in distribution have on the market and trade patterns for fresh packed consumer fish products? A representative sample of UK and French seafood...
Most trade literature is concerned with gains from free trade under the assumption that traded goods are produced under complete property rights. Seldom have researchers examined the consequences of free trade in the presence of incomplete property rights over renewable natural resources. In this paper, we explore these consequences. In...
The artisanal fishery in Senegal is characterized by composite biological, technological economical dynamics in interaction. A computer model of the exploitation is presented to study the relationships existing between resources, production, trading, consumption (dynamic approach). The model is developed using a systemic approach. The computer transcription utilizes multi-agent formalism (artificial...
An ITQ scheme has been shown to create a quota induced incentive for discarding of fish in excess of what is socially optimal. This finding is corroborated by empirical evidence in several ITQ managed fisheries. The incentive for discarding, over and above those expected in an unmanaged or input controlled...
Tins paper addresses the importance of different product farms and their origin when considering the market structure in the European salmon market. The competition between Farmed Atlantic salmon and wild-caught pacific salmon has received some attention previously. However, this was before frozen Atlantic salmon emerged as an important product form...
The last three years RIVO-DLO and LEI-DLO have developed a bio-economic simulation model for the Dutch beam trawl fishery. At the VII th IIFET conference in Taipei (1994, Taiwan) some preliminary results were presented and at the 4th EAFE bio-economic modeling workshop in Edinburgh (1995, United Kingdom) the final model...
Sustainable aquaculture can be achieved when risk and uncertainly are incorporated in the analysis of the activity. This paper presents a precautionary approach to the feasibility analysis of a project for a commercial hatchery, applying decision theory. Two production scenarios were assessed, continuous and periodic, the later a combination of...
Generic Quality Assurance Schemes referred to as Schemes, have been established in the primary industries in many countries. They represent an important part of the generic marketing for different categories of foodstuffs, especially primary produce. Such Schemes are established due to, among other things, severe competition in the international food...
La lagune de Nador se caractérise par un écosystème semi-fermé, en communication avec la mer par une étroite passe. Cet écosystème est sous l'influence de plusieurs facteurs externes tels que l'ensoleillement, l'apport en eau douce, les eaux de ruissellement, le lessivage des champs agricoles et les eaux usées urbaines. L'influence...
Britain has traditionally tried to protect its livestock, fish and shellfish production industries from many serious diseases by restricting imports of live animals- fish and shellfish to those from countries free of specified important diseases affecting particular classes of stock. Although the primary aim of the European Union has been...
The arrival in the 1980s of cultured shrimp has induced large changes on the World shrimp market. In this new environment, the French Guyana fishery production now competes strongly with some of these farm-produced shrimp. Consequently, this fishery has experienced serious export problems during the last decade. This paper is...
Structural time series methods are applied to modeling endogenous fishing effort in the German North Sea shrimp fishery. The effects on fishing effort of shrimp price, catch per unit effort and environmental variation are examined. Preliminary results suggest that fishing firms do not respond much to price changes but they...
This paper describes a desk study of small pelagic utilization in Asia. Drawing on regional data and country case studies - it seeks to chart significant trends in the sector and identify issues for further research. Possible responses to under-utilization include increasing fishing intensity, exploitation of under/unexploited stocks reduction in...
The global aquaculture industry has seen dramatic growth over the last two decades, and is forecast to become increasingly important into the next century. The aquaculture output, of the African continent, however, remains low at about 4% of the total. There is a perception of failure where donor assisted projects...
All the Arab countries are producers of fish from marine, inland and aquaculture sources. Total fish production in 1994, as reported by FAO, reached 1.67 million tons. The estimated resource potential is in the range of 3-4 million tons. Trade in fish and fishery products in most countries is considerable...
Although widely accepted, management systems that directly restrict catch or effort are neither efficient nor desirable for many fisheries, and have failed to conserve fishery stocks in many cases. Fisheries scientists have suggested that closing part of the fishery with marine reserves may sustain or increase harvest. These marine reserves...
The state of the world at the beginning of 21 century is terribly bad from all points of views such as environment, food supply, resources, economy and security essential for human survival. Our civilization based on technological development and mass consumption has been using up all resources on land and...
Traditional fisheries management schemes provide fishermen with incentives to maximise their individual share of the catch, while individual vessel quota management schemes change incentives to maximise profits from their individual share of the catch. The way that one models the fishermen’s optimisation problem in empirical studies should reflect the changed...
This paper presents a critical analysis of the provisions of the WTO agreements and jurisprudence as they relate to the use of trade-related measures in support of cooperative fisheries management arrangements. The interpretation given to WTO agreements by successive Panels and Appellate Bodies has provided guidance regarding how such measures...
Fisheries management has been carried out on the assumption that a fish population is in equilibrium with the fishing effort under the average environmental conditions and hence there must be a maximum sustainable yield (MSY). However, since the simultaneous rise and fall of the interdecadal and global scale of sardine...
The rapid growth of aquaculture and concomitant growth in the use of compound aquafeeds have resulted in aquaculture using 35% of global fishmeal and 54% of global fish oil in 2000, up from just 10% and 16% respectively in 1988. Meanwhile, landings of reduction fish have hovered near 30 mmt,...
Multiobjective decision analysis (MDA) is a useful assessment method when fishery managers need a systematic investigation of the trade-offs involved in the selection of alternative policy options. An important class of techniques within MDA is vector optimization, consisting of mathematical programming models with vector valued objective functions. From the management...
The inclusion of ecosystem considerations in fisheries management implies two changes with extensive institutional repercussions: the uncertainties about states and outcomes rise dramatically and a multiplicity of new stakeholders, interests and objectives must be accommodated in the management institutions. The first change may potentially add immense costs to the management...
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the World Fish Center (ICLARM), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), are collaborating to incorporate fish into IMPACT, a global model of food supply and demand that estimates market-clearing prices for 28 commodities in 36 regions. Results of the projections to 2020...
The Enhanced Data Collection Project (EDCP), administered by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, collected data on discard rates for groundfish species and bycatch rates of prohibited species. From late 1995 to early 1999 EDCP observers collected discard data from 235 fishing trips by 25 trawl vessels that voluntarily...
In September 2000, the Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Central and Western Pacific (WCPFC) was concluded by the seventh session of the Multilateral High Level Conference (MHLC). The WCPFC, amongst other things, establishes a tuna Commission, which will have powers to...
There is increasing awareness of and concern about the actual and potential adverse effects of fishing on the aquatic environment. New Zealand, like many other countries, has developed a range of initiatives to address specific issues related to the effects of fishing, including establishing marine reserves, fishing method restrictions, observer...
Custom, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (UNCLOS), provide the right of all states to exploit stocks of tuna on the high seas, where roughly half of world tuna catches are taken. The UNCLOS also provides that states have the obligation to cooperate...
Tuna fisheries provides an important source of income, foreign exchange and employment for many Pacific Island States. It is also seen as a major avenue for industrial development by most Pacific Island States. The Law of the Sea Convention, while recognising the rights of coastal States to manage and develop...
Resource Management and resource sharing issues are intimately connected. Through discussion of a constructed scenario workshop participants were encouraged to share different perspectives on the management challenges of the interaction between resource management, resource access and sectoral resource sharing issues. A key issue expressed by participants was the need to...
It is now widely acknowledged that an explicit and well-defined fishery property rights regime can enable the sustainable utilisation, and the long term protection of the marine environment. Within the commercial sector, formal and legally binding trade, exchange, and/or access sharing mechanisms have existed for many years. Trade and exchange...
Organizers convened an international workshop to address training necessary to produce effective managers for 21st century fisheries. The workshop involved government, industry, academic, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders from Oceania, North America, and Europe. They addressed vision and management challenges of 21st century fisheries; requisite skills and knowledge; current training...
As the British Columbia salmon fishery developed, the Canadian government, with constitutional responsibility for the resource, faced a number of critical turning points in management policy. In early years, partly for expediency, the allocation of fishing privileges often resulted in efficient levels of effort but little attempt was made to...
Setting aside the traditional simplistic “tragedy of the commons” notion, fisheries crises observed in the Northern Atlantic may be seen as the result of “mismatches” in the decision making process. The collapse of two fisheries, Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in Canada and European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in Europe, illustrate the...
The use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been proposed as a possible tool to enable the measurement of fishing capacity worldwide. In fisheries the DEA approach has been limited to measuring physical capacity, where capacity is defined as the maximum amount of output that can be produced per unit...
Norway has for years managed its coastal fisheries through a regime that for all practical purposes has acted as open access, that is, open for bona fide fishers. The trawling sector was closed already in the 1930s, and the large offshore fleet was regulated through limited entry licensing from the...
There has been a structural shift in the global supply, demand and trade in fish and fisheries products since the early 1980s that has shattered the traditional dominance of the developed nations. Despite a declining trend in the global exports of primary products, the percentage contribution of fish has been...
Milkfish has been farmed in Taiwan for over 300 years. Faced with a limited land resource, the industry is looking at the problem of how to maintain a sustainable and efficient production. This study specified a stochastic production frontier function to estimate potential milkfish farm output and efficiency by using...
The study used a combination of fairly standard and often overlapping participatory tools and techniques as well as SWOT analysis in the context of the sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) which is emerging as a potentially useful way to looking at policies and institutions to address poverty. The adoption of fisheries...
There is significant interest in self-regulation as an alternative to command and control techniques. (Black 1996) Self-regulation is thought to be more efficient and expert and hence more effective than traditional approaches. Interest in alternative fishing regulatory styles such as self-regulation has been fuelled by the perception that command and...
The 1992 fisheries settlement between the New Zealand government and Maori is the largest Treaty settlement to date in New Zealand and is significant internationally for the extent of the transfer of rights to a resource from the state to an indigenous people. In this paper, the challenges presented by...
Fisheries management involves considering several biological, economic and political objectives. They are often contradictory. For this reason, it is almost impossible to reach them simultaneously. Andalusian regional government collaborates with the national government to establish fishing plans for local fisheries. The objectives of these plans verify the aforementioned statement. For...
Increased livestock and aquaculture production can put pressure on the fishmeal market, and thus industrial fisheries stocks, since both of these sectors use fishmeal in their feeds. Data indicate that fishmeal supply has reached a production limit due to limited marine resources. Meanwhile there has been an explosive growth in...
Generalised linear estimation and multi-layer perception neural network modelling techniques were applied to the Scottish trawler fleet data in order to estimate which inputs have the greatest impact on boat profits and output. Both produced comparable estimates that revealed inelastic and non-linear response to vessel power and length, negative response...
Recently, there has been an increasing interest among researchers on efficiency in fisheries. They have not just been focused on the analysis of the efficiency itself but also for other purposes as measures of capacity utilisation. However, often, efficiency analyses do not offer clear results regarding the sources of the...
A bioeconomic model of the Oregon ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) fishery was developed to evaluate management policy options for maximizing fishery yield, revenue, and/or net present value using existing regulatory policy approaches. The base model accounts for a multiple cohort seasonal fishery, a count per pound catch composition, and an...
The failure of the European Union’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) to develop a sustainable fishing environment for all member states is often blamed on the incompatibility of the territorial logic of national interests and the market forces of a de-territorialized European Union. Ironically, it is precisely this incompatibility that a...
Fisheries worldwide continue to suffer from the negative consequences of open access. In 1986, New Zealand responded by establishing an individual transferable quota (ITQ) system that by 1998 included 33 species and more than 150 markets for fishing quotas. We assess these markets in terms of trends in market activity,...
The paper predicts the outcomes of alternative management scenarios for the Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) fishery over the next twenty years. Two criteria are used to characterize outcomes: economic efficiency as measured by the present value of fishery rent generated; and conservation as measured by the predicted size of the...
The supply of raw material to the Norwegian fish processing industry has always fluctuated heavily, both as far as volumes and quality are concerned. These fluctuations have had major impact on planning of for instance product mix and production capacity. Thus, sea farming has been considered a promising alternative source...
New Zealand has recently implemented major changes to its Fisheries management regimes including strengthening the quota based property right, devolving the delivery of quota registry services to the industry and developing new computer systems to support industry and government requirements. The success of these changes is due to a number...
This paper looks at some of the seemingly positive developments in fisheries governance over the last twenty-five years. It asks why fisheries management, if improving, is still failing in its basic objective of managing the people who catch fish so as to ensure that there are enough fish left out...
In many of the developing countries fish export is a significant source of foreign exchange earning that helps to stabilize macroeconomic indicators and provides nutrition and food security to the poor people of these countries. However, performance of fish export of these countries depend on, among other things, continued access...
National and intergovernmental regulation of fisheries has not been sufficient to prevent many failures of fisheries management at the global scale. International trade in fisheries is of the order of USD 10 billion annually, mostly from “South” to “North”. Developing countries, particularly in Asia, benefit from this trade, and domestic...
The saltwater aquarium hobby has increased dramatically in the last decade due to improvements in the technologies and knowledge needed to sustain mini-reef ecosystems. With this increased demand comes increased pressure on natural reef ecosystems that supply the vast majority of the live organisms for the commercial market. To combat...
Fisheries management is characterised by multiple objectives. However, seldomly do bioeconomic models incorporate more than one or possibly two key objectives, typically profit and employment, into an analysis. There are both practical and technical reasons for this. This study considers the incorporation of eight key objectives into a bioeconomic analysis...
The very restrictive quotas of cod in the Baltic Sea are a strong force for searching alternatives. Since 1996 for instance, the cod quota for the German fishery was reduced from 22 000 t to 13 000 t in the year 2001. And further cuts took place in 2002. However,...
For three years, a multidisciplinary group of researchers in social sciences, has analysed the Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of fisheries management in Europe. In the framework of this ELSA Pêche programme funded under the ELSA line of the FAIR research programme of the European Commission (DG XII, Research), a...
Annual recruitment of the New Zealand longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) has decreased by around 75 percent since heavy levels of commercial fishing began in the early 1970s. Given the unsustainability of existing regulatory policy, a deterministic multiple-cohort bioeconomic model is developed and applied to this system to gain insight into...
Despite several factors favoring the development of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) aquaculture, there is virtually no economic information on its feasibility. This paper uses bioeconomic simulation techniques to conduct an ex-ante impact assessment of the early life stages in haddock production. Using an economic engineering methodology, early life stages are modeled...
The Fish and fish products have emerged as the largest group in agricultural exports of India. The export of fish and fish products has jumped from a mere sum of US $ 10 million in 1960-61 to about US $ 1300 million in 2000-01. The export basket of fisheries sector...
It is rarely possible or desirable to maintain a constant target fishing mortality rate for each individual stock in a multispecies fishery. Preventing overfishing of all stocks at all times will often be in conflict with attainment of optimal yield for the fishery. This paper presents a retrospective analysis and...