The fungitoxicity of carbon disulfide (CS2), methylisothiocyanate (MITC), or a mixture of these two gases, to selected wood-degrading fungi was studied by using a fumigation apparatus. Both gases are important decomposition products of metham sodium, the most commonly used fumigant for internal treatment of large wood members. Carbon disulfide (up...
Mylone@ and tridipam are two solid chemicals that decompose to produce methylisothiocyanate (MIT), a highly effective wood fumigant. In this study, two techniques -- a rapid, test-tube method and small-scale, wood-block assay -- were used to determine the effect of the pH of various chemical buffers on the decomposition of...
This report is the eighth in a series that describe recent oceanographic observations within the California Current system, from Oregon to Baja California. The emphasis here is placed on the observations conducted concurrently by the CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations), IMECOCAL (Investigaciones Mexicanas de la COrriente de CALifornia), and...
This report describes the state of the California Current System (CCS)—meteorological, physical, chemical, and biological—from January 2003 to the spring of 2004. The area covered in this report ranges from Oregon coastal waters to southern Baja California. Over the past year, most physical, chemical, and biological parameters were close to...
This report summarizes the recent state of the California Current System (CCS), primarily during the period of April 2004 to January 2005. The report is based on observations made between Oregon and Baja California by various ocean observing programs. The CCS was not forced by any coherent basin-wide processes during...
This report summarizes physical and biological conditions in the California Current System (CCS), from Oregon to Baja California, in 2001 and 2002. The principal sources of the observations described here are the CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations), IMECOCAL (Investigaciones Mexicanas de la Corriente de California), and U.S. GLOBECLTOP (Global...
This study examines the effects of pressure, temperature, and treatment time on supercritical fluid impregnation of such composites as plywood, particleboard, flakeboard, and medium-density fiberboard. Carbon dioxide with methanol as a cosolvent was used as the supercritical fluid, with tebuconazole as the biocide. Biocide distribution, as measured by extraction and...
Innovativeness can help companies differentiate themselves, with the ultimate goal of securing survival and improving performance. Modern theories in organizational behavior look at innovation as something that starts with individual creativity but that is also affected by the work environment. Using one broad industry sector, the US forest products industry,...
The relationships between leaf area and sapwood and inner bark quantities (widths, areas, and volumes) were studied in an attempt to understand the design criteria for sapwood quantity in eighteen 34-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees with a wide range of leaf areas, sapwood areas, and dry masses of leaf, xylem,...
Isolation, detection with diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microscopy demonstrated the presence of Phytophthora ramorum in the sapwood of mature, naturally infected tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) trees. The pathogen was strongly associated with discolored sapwood (P < 0.001), and was recovered or detected from 83% of discolored sapwood tissue samples....
Innovativeness is a concept that has seen extensive study, yet there remain significant gaps in our understanding of the phenomenon. This is especially true when considering views of practitioners as well as specific industry sectors, such as the forest products industry. The qualitative work described here explores the concept of...
Using a mail questionnaire targeted 500 softwood sawmills in the United States and Canada, firm innovativeness was assessed using three methods: (1) current technology, (2) self-evaluation, and (3) a new scale -- the propensity to create and adopt scale. The results of the these three methods were then compared to...
Demersal fishes were sampled at seven stations located inshore of Heceta Bank, on Oregon's continental shelf, over a 2-yr period with a 3-m beam trawl designed to catch small fiatfishes. Two general assemblages of fishes were recognized: a shallow water 74-102 m), sandy-bottom association where Pacific sanddab, Citharichthys sordidus,was numerically...
The authors demonstrate a flexible terahertz pulse-shaping technique, manipulating spatially dispersed multifrequency components generated by optical rectification in a fanned-out periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. Spatial masks of low pass, high pass, and double slit in front of the crystal manipulate the spatial pattern of the optical excitation beam on...
Pandalis jordani Rathbun, like many other species of pandalid shrimps, undergo regular diel changes in their vertical distribution (Tegelberg and Smith 1957; Alverson et al. 1960; Pearcy 1970, 1972; Robinson in press). Little is known, however, about the vertical distribution and diel migrations of larval and juvenile shrimp, or at...
Twenty-two steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) containing coded wire tags (CWT's) were captured in gillnets fished by the Oshoro-Maru in the Gulf of Alaska and along 180 during 1982-85. These fish originated from North American streams and hatcheries in British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington. One fish was age 0.1, 16 were...
The feeding habits of the Dover sole and rex sole (mainly juveniles) and of slender sole and Pacific sanddab were investigated at seven stations on the continental shelf off central Oregon. Dover sole had a catholic diet, feeding on a large variety of infaunal and epifaunal invertebrates. The composition of...
In a study of cumulative effects of riparian disturbance by grazing on the trophic structure of high desert trout streams, watersheds with greater riparian canopy had higher standing crops of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, lower daily maximum temperatures (range, 16-23°C compared with 26-31°C), and perennial flow. Watershed aspect influenced the...
This study examined the potentially stressful
effects of tagging juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags by measuring
short-term (<120-h) changes in plasma concentrations of
cortisol and hepatic heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). In a
laboratory experiment, plasma cortisol levels were measured
in fish before they...
The isotopic compositions of interstitial waters collected from Hydrate
Ridge during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 204 were measured to
evaluate the fluid evolution of this accretionary prism. At shallow
depths, the dissolved Cl- concentrations and δD and δ¹⁸O values of the
interstitial water reflect changes in the salinity and the...
Little is known of wood properties in trees that were initially suppressed and subsequently released from suppression. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in growth ring width, specific conductivity (Ks), tracheid dimensions, moisture content, and wood density in suppressed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock...
Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. Growth and wood density traits of individual rings were measured via X-ray densitometry, and relationships of ring density and its...
Stem sinuosity is thought to negatively impact wood quality, but no studies have characterized its vertical and radial effects on wood properties. Here we study wood quality along the entire stem in 25-year-old plantation grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees (32 trees total) that had been scored...
Natural stands and a 3-year-old plantation of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) trees were used to study the incidence of leaning stems, the level of growth stresses and tension wood formation, and the ability of the stems to right themselves to vertical. Overall, 10% of the 512 trees in 10...
It would be valuable economically to know what are the biological triggers for formation of mature wood (currently of high value) and (or) what maintains production of juvenile wood (currently of low value), to develop silvicultural regimes that control the relative production of the two types of wood. Foresters commonly...
The relationships among stand structure, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) branch characteristics, and red alder (Alnus rubra (Bong.)) stem form attributes were explored for 10- to 15-year-old trees growing in mixed Douglas-fir – red alder plantations. Treatments included a range of species proportions, and red alder was either planted simultaneously...
Many stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) near coastal areas of Oregon and Washington are heavily infected with the foliar pathogen causing Swiss needle cast (SNC) disease, and yet there is very little research on the resulting wood quality. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), microfibril angle...
Stem sinuosity is a highly visible stem-form trait in the leaders of fast-growing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. (Mirb.) Franco) trees, yet its cause is unknown. We tested the hypotheses that sinuous stems have longer expanses of primary growth than nonsinuous stems (putting the leader at higher risk curvature, induction of...
Understanding the association between growth rate and wood properties is of practical importance to maximizing and sustaining wood and fiber production. Anatomical characteristics, specific gravity, and bending properties were determined at breast height for thirty 7-year-old trees with varying growth rates, from a red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) plantation. Wood...
Length of libriform fibers was measured in rings 2 7 at breast height in 7-year-old hybrid poplar stems from two clones (11-11, a Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ´ P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. hybrid; and D-01, of unknown taxonomic identity) grown in a controlled test of three spacings (0.5,...
Heartwood durability of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) was studied as a function of vertical and radial position in boles of trees with a wide range of leaf area/sapwood area ratios. Six 34- year-old trees were harvested from each of three plots established 14 years before: very dense,...
This paper reviews literature on the formation of heartwood and on the components that affect natural durability. It includes discussion about the function of heartwood in living trees, factors influencing the natural durability of heartwood, the process of heartwood formation, and variations in heartwood quantity and quality. Heartwood formation is...
The Willamette Valley (WV) race of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is being widely planted for timber in the Willamette Valley, western Oregon, because it grows in habitats that are either too wet or too dry for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Compared to the eastern Cascade Mountains (CM), the WV has 3...
Cross-sectional disks were cut at two stem heights (1.5 m and 3.0 m) from 9-year-old trees of three Populus clones grown in an intensively-cultured plantation in western Washington. At age 1.5 years, when the trees averaged 3.4 m tall, half of the trees were pruned by removing all branches below...
The width of earlywood and latewood in conifer xylem may have a profound effect on water transport and storage, vulnerability to embolism, and wood strength, yet the controls over the timing of latewood formation are unclear. Tracheids differentiating in the cambial zone are influenced by IAA indole-3 acetic acid, the...
To better understand the influence of competition on wood formation and wood quality in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), patterns of cambial growth and latewood production were examined for one growing season in 15-year-old plantations with similar densities but differing Douglas-fir/red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) ratios. The treatments consisted of...
The cohesion-tension theory of water transport states that hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together and that they are pulled through the xylem under tension. This tension could cause transport failure in at least two ways: collapse of the conduit walls (implosion), or rupture of the water column through air-seeding. The...
In order to analyze the variation in wood properties within and between trees of an underutilized tree species, we sampled six Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.) trees from an 80-year-old mixed stand of Q. garryana and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in the Coast Range of Western Oregon, USA....
The factors that determine sapwood width and volume in a tree are not known. This study asked whether sapwood width is related to a need for stem storage sites. Experiments were conducted on 12 34-year-old Douglas-fir [(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] trees with a 6-7 fold range of leaf areas and...
A technique that uses hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes was optimized for the purification of leukocytes from the peripheral blood and anterior kidney (pronephros) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comparisons of initial blood dilution (1:2, 1:4, and 1:6) and the time of exposure to hypotonic conditions (10, 20, and 40 s)...
The goal of this study was to describe the duration and magnitude of the physiological stress response in lingcod Ophiodon elongatus after exposure to brief handling and sublethal air stressors. The response to these stressors was determined during a 24‐h recovery period by measuring concentrations of plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose,...
The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, who elevated the issue and initiated research to restore its populations, at least in the Columbia Basin. They regard Pacific lamprey...
Although much is known about the effects of electroshock on fish physiology, consequences to the immune system and disease progression have not received attention. Our objectives were to determine the effects of electroshock on selected immune function in juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, the mechanism of any observed alteration,...
Twenty-two steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) containing coded wire tags (CWT's) were captured in gillnets fished by the Oshoro-Maru in the Gulf of Alaska and along 180 during 1982-85. These fish originated from North American streams and hatcheries in British Columbia, Idaho, and Washington. One fish was age 0.1, 16 were...
Juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were subjected to handling and tagging protocols typical of normal hatchery operations and monitored for their physiological response to stress. Treatments included coded-wire-tagging, counting, ventral fin clipping, adipose fin clipping, and a procedure simulating a pond split. Treatment fish were also subjected to a standardized...
Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed groups of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead together and groups of chinook salmon alone to determine whether the steelhead were aggressive...
Coring at ODP Sites 859, 860, and 861 near the Chile Triple Junction failed to recover anticipated gas hydrate that was inferred
to be present from two lines of geophysical evidence: pre-cruise observation of a weak to strong bottom simulating reflector (BSR)
marking the predicted base of the gas-hydrate stability...
Sedimentary pore fluids from the Chile Triple Junction were sampled in situ, and analyzed for their noble gas composition. ³He/⁴He and ⁴He/Ne ratios were used to evaluate the fraction of helium in the samples that originated from mantle and radiogenic sources. The results show no primordial helium in samples recovered...
Although boron has many advantages as a wood preservative, this chemical performs poorly in leaching exposures. In this study, we investigated the potential for decreasing the leachability of boron preservatives with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Southern pine (Pinus spp.) test samples impregnated with combinations of sodium borate or boric acid and...
Preservative treatment of whole, wood-based composite products (mainly panels) has disadvantages; problems largely stem from swelling, strength loss, and incomplete or inappropriate penetration during treatment, and distortion during redrying. Pretreatment of comminuted wood prior to mat lay-up is one alternative, though the addition of chemicals may affect bonding during subsequent...
The effect of process variations under supercritical conditions on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood boards was assessed. While pressure and temperature appeared to affect biocide solubility to some extent, the overall results suggested that biocide movement into wood was influenced more by diffusion than bulk flow. Biocide...
The air permeability of western hemlock from coastal forests in western Oregon was assessed. Permeability varied widely among trees, as well as by position within individual trees. Permeability tended to decrease with distance inward from the bark, a trend implying that this species produces a heartwood zone. These variations may...
We sampled boles, branches, and roots of four Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) trees to learn a) whether branches and roots have a zone of juvenile wood, defined as a zone with progressive changes in wood density and/or tracheid length from the pith outward at successively greater cambial
ages, and...
Six 40-year-old red alders (Alnus rubra Bong.) were harvested from a mixed stand of A. rubra and big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) in the Oregon Coast Range to evaluate variation in their wood characteristics at two heights. Because the trees had a slight lean (4 to 14°), we sampled along...
This paper hypothesizes a correlation in some species between the cambial age of transition from core (juvenile) to outer (mature) wood and the cambial age of transition from photosynthetic to non-photosynthetic bark. Secondly, this paper hypothesizes that the relationship is causal: a signal produced in relation to the photosynthetic bark...
Extractives can account for between 1 to 20% of the oven-dry weight of wood of various tree species and can influence wood density values appreciably. Removing these chemical deposits (extraction)in wood samples can help establish a consistent baseline for comparing wood densities where extractives are expected to differ between sample...
The high decay resistance of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn) is due to the presence of toxic extractives, called tropolones, in the heartwood. Therefore, tropolone content may be used as an indicator of decay resistance. With increment core-sized samples of western redcedar heartwood, we used gas chromatography to measure tropolone...
High-temperature combustion oxidation measurements of nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have been determined for pore waters from sediments of Middle Valley, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 139, as well as for overlying and near-bottom seawater. The DOC values in the interstitial waters are generally greater than those in the overlying water...
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 202 has opened a new window
into understanding late Paleogene and Neogene global environmental
change by providing high-quality sediment sequences from a previously
unsampled region, the eastern South Pacific. Eleven sites (1232–
1242) that record variations on timescales ranging from decades to tens
of millions...
The accelerated diagenesis, maturation, and catagenesis of organic matter to hydrothermal petroleum was studied in sediments from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 139 in Middle Valley, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Sediments at Sites 855 and 856 have experienced high heat flow resulting in accelerated diagenesis of the immature organic matter...
The fauna of parasitic isopods of the family Bopyridae in Singapore is only poorly known, consisting of only seven species in as many genera in five subfamilies. A new small collection adds four species in as many genera, two of them belonging to a subfamily not previously recorded from Singapore....
The authors demonstrate the generation of multicycle narrow-bandwidth terahertz pulses in periodically inverted GaAs structures using optical rectification of 2 μm, 100 fs pump pulses. Three different types of orientation-inverted samples are employed: optically contacted multilayer, orientation-patterned, and diffusion-bonded GaAs. The terahertz pulses are characterized by two-color (pump at 2...
We report on a novel class of semiconductor metamaterials that employ a strongly anisotropic dielectric function to achieve negative refraction in the midinfrared region of the spectrum, ~8.5–13 μm. We present two types of metamaterials, layered highly doped/undoped heterostructures and quantum well superlattices that are highly anisotropic. Contrary to other...
To study whether pruning young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var. menziesii) hastens the transition from juvenile to mature wood, we investigated the effects on wood properties in an intensively managed young plantation in the Coast Range of Oregon. Ten years after trees were pruned to a fixed height (3.4...
ASTM standard sizes for bending tests (either 50 × 50 mm or 25 × 25 mm in cross-section) are not always suitable for research purposes that characterize smaller sections of wood. Moreover, the ASTM standards specify loading the sample on the longitudinal-tangential surface. If specimens are small enough, then the...
A unique approach for obtaining bright and efficient saturated green phosphors for alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) device applications is presented. The approach involves color-shifting blue SrS:Cu,F ACTFEL phosphors into the green region of the spectrum via the incorporation of alkali metal ions into the SrS lattice. Alkali metals are incorporated...
BaCuQF (Q=S,Se) materials, candidate transparent p-type conductors, were prepared by solid-state reaction, and their bulk electrical and optical properties were evaluated. The room-temperature Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of undoped BaCuQF pellets were +56 μV/K and 0.088 S/cm, respectively, for the sulfide fluoride, and +32 μV/K and 0.061 S/cm, respectively,...
Radioactive In has been incorporated into oriented thin films of YBa₂Cu₃O₇₋δ during a thermal coevaporation process. The hyperfme technique of perturbed γγ-angular correlation spectroscopy shows that 60% of the indium substitutes at a single site in the superconductor. We obtain spectra with reasonable statistics from 2 mCi of starting material,...
High electron mobility thin films of In₂₋ₓWₓO₃₊y(0≤x≤0.075) were prepared on amorphous SiO₂ and single-crystal yttria-stablized zirconia (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Mobilities ranged between 66 and 112 cm² /Vs depending on the substrate type and deposition conditions, and the highest mobility was observed at a W-dopant concentration of x~0.03....
We analyze the performance of a planar lens based on realistic negative index material in a generalized geometry. We demonstrate that the conventional superlens design (where the lens is centered between the object and the image) is not optimal from the resolution point of view, develop an analytical expression for...
We derive an approach to determine the causal direction of wavevectors of modes in optical metamaterials, which, in turn, determines signs of refractive index and impedance as a function of real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. We use the developed technique to demonstrate that the interplay...
We demonstrate color shifting from the yellow to the red in the electroluminescence from (ZnGa)S:Mn films. We observe threshold voltages down to about 35 V, extremely low for such devices. We discuss the materials characteristics of the phosphor films, and the potential for improvement of the luminous intensity of the...
We report on the effect of various guest molecules added to a functionalized anthradithiophene (ADT) host on photoexcited charge carrier dynamics in solution-deposited thin films, from ~100 ps to >100 μs after photoexcitation with 100 fs laser pulses. An addition of 2 and 5 wt % of C60 to a...
The authors demonstrate an efficient room temperature source of terahertz radiation using femtosecond laser pulses as a pump and GaAs structures with periodically inverted crystalline orientation, such as diffusion-bonded stacked GaAs and epitaxially grown orientation-patterned GaAs, as a nonlinear optical medium. By changing the GaAs orientation-reversal period (504–1277 μm), or...
We demonstrate a technique for terahertz pulse shaping via optical rectification in the pre-engineered domain structure of poled lithium niobate crystals. The terahertz wave forms coincide with the crystal domain structures. The one-dimensional nonlinear wave equation simulates the experimental results with a good qualitative agreement.
We employ two different methods to generate controllable elliptical polarization of teraherz (THz) pulses. First, THz pulses are generated via optical rectification in nonlinear crystals using a pair of temporally separated and perpendicularly polarized optical pulses. The THz ellipticity is controlled by adjusting the relative time delay and polarization of...
Electron avalanche due to intraband optical absorption is discussed as a mechanism responsible for laser induced damage in certain insulating crystals.
The authors study perspectives of nanowire metamaterials for negative-refraction waveguides, high-performance polarizers, and polarization-sensitive biosensors. They demonstrate that the behavior of these composites is strongly influenced by the concentration, distribution, and geometry of the nanowires, derive an analytical description of electromagnetism in anisotropic nanowire-based metamaterials, and explore the limitations of...
The authors analyze electromagnetic modes in multilayered nanocomposites and demonstrate that the response of a majority of realistic layered structures is strongly affected by the nonlocal effects originating from strong field oscillations across the system, and is not described by conventional effective-medium theories. They develop the analytical description of the...
This report describes the relationship of incising-induced strength loss in bending as a function of preservative treatment and incising pattern, density, and depth of penetration for various machine stress-rated (MSR) grades of full-size 2 by 4 Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) dimension lumber. This study may represent a worst-case "incising...
Transparent films of CuScO₂₊ₓ have been prepared which show p-type electrical conductivity. The temperature dependence of the conductivity indicates semiconducting behavior with an apparent room temperature activation energy of 0.11 eV. The highest room temperature conductivity observed was 30 S cm⁻1. Films 110 nm thick show 40% transparency in most...
A small-scale test was developed to evaluate the ability of fungicides to control decay fungi established in wood. The test, which uses blocks 2.5 x 2.5 x 10 cm, tests the ability of a chemical to migrate from the middle of the block to control a previously established decay fungus,...
The effects of supercritical fluid (SCF) impregnation on physical properties of composites were investigated at various pressures, temperatures, and treatment times with carbon dioxide as the fluid and tebuconazole as a biocide. In general, within the ranges tested, SCF treatment had no negative effects on modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus...
Anomalous charge-voltage (Q-V) characteristics are observed for several types of alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices. These Q-V curves are anomalous because conduction charge flows in these devices exclusively during the portion of the wave form in which the applied voltage is constant, at its maximum value; this kind of conduction...
Offset is observed in the charge–voltage (Q–V) or internal charge–phosphor field (Q–Fp) characteristics of certain alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices. This offset arises from a displacement along the voltage axis of a transient curve measured across a sense capacitor in the electrical characterization setup. A procedure for adjusting this offset...
The internal charge versus phosphor field (Q-Fp) technique is proposed as a method for characterization of the electrical properties of alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices. Q-Fp analysis provides direct information about the internal behavior of the ACTFEL device. The steady-state field and internal conduction, polarization, leakage, and relaxation charges may...
Transparent thin-film transistors (TTFTs) with an amorphous zinc tin oxide channel layer formed via rf magnetron sputter deposition are demonstrated. Field-effect mobilities of 5–15 and 20–50 cm² V‾¹ s‾¹ are obtained for devices post-deposition annealed at 300 and 600 °C, respectively. TTFTs processed at 300 and 600 °C yield devices...
Hot electron luminescence experiments are performed on ZnS alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices in order to determine the extent to which the electron distribution is heated. The luminescence spectrum is found to be broad and essentially featureless up to a high energy cutoff of approximately 3.7 eV, which is determined...
White electroluminescence (EL) was observed for the first time from diamond-like carbon (DLC) films at room temperature. ac voltages in excess of 200 V were applied to a metal-insulator-semiconductor (i.e., DLC)-insulator-metal device structure to observe EL. At an applied voltage of 235 V, the brightness and efficiency were 0.5 fl...
Electroluminesence (EL) thermal quenching refers a reduction in luminance, concomitant with a reduction in transferred charge, when an alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) device is operated at an elevated temperature. EL thermal quenching is found to be significant in SrS:Cu ACTFEL devices operated above ~60-80 °C. Maximum transferred charge-maximum applied voltage...
The capacitance-voltage (C-V) technique is proposed as a method for characterization of the electrical properties of alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) display devices. Analysis of the C-V and aging characteristics of ZnS:Mn ACTFEL devices indicates that the C-V technique is complementary to the charge-voltage technique in the extraction of device physics...
Differences in stain susceptibility were evaluated on sterile and unsterile samples of freshly sawn, frozen and thawed, or oven-dried and rewetted ponderosa pine sapwood. Samples treated with sterile medium or with medium inoculated with either Pseudomonas putida or Bacillus subtilis were inoculated with selected wood-staining fungi. In general, fresh unsterile...
Studies of the effects of various chemicals on fungal growth are difficult to perform on filamentous fungi because of the difficulty of observing the protoplasm through the rigid hyphal wall, and because most activity occurs in the region near the hyphal tip. However, hyphae can be exposed to certain enzymes...
The ability of white and brown rot fungi to colonize wood-plastic composites was investigated by measuring weight loss and anatomical changes. Three composite materials were evaluated. The material containing a 70/30 wood-high density polyethylene (HDPE) mixture was most susceptible to fungal attack, while two different 50/50 wood-HDPE composites experienced little...
The relationship between moisture content and the presence of methylisothiocyanate (MITC) in wood following various applications of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) was investigated with small Douglas-fir heartwood blocks. While MITC levels were initially higher in wetter blocks, MITC levels in drier blocks remained more stable over the 8-week test period. The...
Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance of alder treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), copper 8 quinolinolate, zinc naphthenate (ZN), or thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB) was assessed in soil block...
The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most reliable measurements. As expected, pressure equilibrated most rapidly with air as the treatment medium and ponderosa pine as the test species. Pressure changes...
Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and the bonding environment of adsorbed copper were also examined. The results generally support the finding that arsenic...