The objectives of this study include: (1) analysis of Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana, C. taiwanensis, and C. formosensis forests including
the structure, composition, and dynamics of plant communities and
their environmental relationships; and (2) comparison of the temperate
Chamaecyparis forests of Taiwan and the Pacific Northwest with emphasis
on structural and successional...
Inoculations of white fir, Shasta red fir, Douglas fir and
ponderosa pine with Pisolithus tinctorius spores when outplanted
failed to produce P. tinctorius mycorrhizae at the end of the first
growing season. In the third year a few P. tinctorius mycorrhizae
were formed on white fir. Inoculations reduced seedling survival...
The selection of planting stock is a critical step in the reforestation
planning process. In addition to selecting the proper seed source
and species for the planting site, consideration must be made for the
type of planting stock which will be used. The survival and growth
potential of various classes...
Basidiospores of Rhizopogon viriicolor Smith and R. colossus
Smith were inoculated onto container-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings and grown under two levels of
soluble fertilizer and one level of slow-release fertilizer. Both
fungi formed abundant (54%) ectomycorrhizae under the soluble
fertilizer regimes. Slow-release fertilizer greatly reduced percent
ectomycorrhizae...
This publication reports the results of a preliminary survey listing 527 forest-tree plantations in the western United States and Canada. Of these, 250 involve families of known parentage, 131 provenance-test
material, 87 clonal material, and 59 interspecific hybrids. The report is intended (1) to serve forest researchers in locating genetic...
The objectives of this study were to establish a suitable method
for the measurement of the root cation-exchange capacity of conifer
seedlings, and to examine possible influences of this root characteristic
on nutrient absorption from a Bellpine soil under greenhouse
conditions.
The exchange sites of fresh, excised roots were saturated...
Pseudotsuga menziesii dominates the forests of the Pacific Northwest.
But though it is dominat, Tsuaa heteroohylla or Abies amabilis
is usually climax. Many researchers have studied Pseudotsuga on the
widespread mesic sites where it is seral, but few have examined the
relatively rare ecosystems in which Pseudotsuga or its associate...
It’s little wonder that people are confused by tree names. Foresters
and lay people often name a tree based on its physical appearance, the
wood products industry may call the tree by another name based on the
characteristics of the wood, and botanists name a tree based on its
anatomical...
Xylem conducting tissue or sapwood is an important storage organ
for water, carbohydrates, and nutrients, and this storage helps trees
accommodate environmental change. However, the living ray parenchyma
cells in sapwood, which store the carbohydrates and nutrients,
require energy for maintenance. I examined how sapwood maintenance
costs vary among species,...
"We describe a test procedure developed during growth room and field trials for which we processed hundreds of test lots of seedlings, mainly Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), as well as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), noble fir (Abies...
This proposal by the Coniferous Forest Biome investigators requests support
for the third and fourth years of a highly integrated series of investigations
within the Ecosystem Analysis program of the United States effort under the
International Biological Program. The program for the Coniferous Forest Biome
has been approved by the...
The behavior of coniferous trees subjected to wind loading was investigated through a series of experiments and also through simulation modeling. Previous studies that measured the natural oscillation frequencies and damping ratios were reviewed and equations were developed for predicting the natural frequency of a tree from the ratio of...
Many mycorrhizosphere microorganisms can produce
plant growth regulating compounds in vitro. Plant growth
regulating compounds are known to mediate root growth and
development. In reforestation practices, conifer tree
seedling growth and survival are linked to rapid root
growth and development after outplanting. Multifactorial
experiments were conducted to document variations in...
Remote sensing offers the potential for monitoring photosynthesis over large temporal and spatial scales. The purpose of this thesis is to provide information that
will help to develop methods to predict photosynthesis from the light reflected by
canopies. The studies focused on a simple model of canopy photosynthetic potential:
Acanopy...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacteriwn rhizogenes, the causal agents of crown gall disease and hairy root disease, are known for their ability to transfer part of their
DNA (the T-DNA) from the bacterial tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid to the genome of the
host plant. Interest has focused on these bacteria because they...
An apparatus was designed to permit freezing tests of
needles and other tissue parts from coniferous trees under
controlled rates of temperature change with time. The design
is based on the principle of a balanced system of refrigeration
demand and heat input to achieve a steady temperature state.
The apparatus...
Armillaria (Fr. ex. Fr.) is a parasite whose pathogenicity
and role in forest ecosystems often depends upon the
physiological condition of the tree. Therefore, I tested the
frequency and severity of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink
infection among Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl., Larix
occidentalis Nutt., Pinus contorta var. latifolia (Engelm.),
Pinus...
This study evaluated the effect of soil compaction on the growth
of natural regeneration on volcanic ash-influenced soils in the
southern Washington Cascades. Growth of 9 to 18 year-old sapling-.
sized Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) was studied on sites
ranging from 915 to 1006 m elevation in an area...
Data collected from permanent sample plots at medium and high elevations in Oregon's coastal forest clearly indicate that snow damage adversely influences stand development. Sapling stands of western hemlock and Douglas-fir were subjected to severe snow damage above 1,000 feet in the early parts of 1965 and 1966 and above...
This study was started in 1947 to investigate the value of various types and quantities of seed source in the establishment of reproduction on cutover land, and to determine the apparent effects of various man-made and natural factors upon the rate of restocking. The man-made and natural factors to be...
The purpose of this bulletin is to show how woods should be graded in order that they may be given uniform results when subjected to treatment with preservatives; it is intended for those interested in wood preservation.
Discusses options for managing major insect pests and diseases of conifers in Oregon forests: bark beetles, wood borers, and ambrosia beetles; defoliators; aphids, adelgids, and scale insects; terminal and branch insects and pitch moths; root diseases; stem decays; foliage diseases; canker diseases and canker-causing rust diseases; and mistletoes. Extensive references...
This thesis presents methods for obtaining asymptotically efficient and consistent parameters and variance estimates for simultaneous equations in a forest growth modelling context. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR), Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) and Three- Stage Least Squares (3SLS) are presented for linear models. The variables, model types...
An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the Cascade Range. The analysis included data for coastal Douglas-fir and hem-fir lumber; coastal and inland Pacific Northwest...
Fungal pathogens tend to accumulate within styroblock containers, which are reused to produce successive crops of container-grown seedlings. Most nurseries treat reused containers by immersing them in hot water for varying time periods. The efficacy of radio frequency waves (RFs) to reduce levels of selected groups of fungi within styroblock...
Three hundred fifty Leach pine cells used to grow containerized conifer seedlings at the USDA Forest Service Nursery in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, were sampled for Fusarium and Trichoderma colonization. Cells were either sampled prior to or after cleaning. Cleaning reduced Fusarium colonization from 86 percent of the cells to about...
Isolates of Botrytis cinerea from containerized conifer seedlings from two
nurseries in the Northern Rocky Mountains were exposed to the
dicarboximide fungicides vinclozolin and iprodione and the chlorinated
nitroaniline fungicide dicloran to evaluate occurrence and characteristics
of resistant strains. The isolates were grown on test media prepared by
incorporating the...
Diseased conifer nursery stock, including Douglas-fir, western larch, and Engelmann spruce, was selected from the U.S. Forest Service nursery at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, to determine (1) the most probable cause of disease, (2) the fate of outplanted diseased stock, and (3) the height growth of outplanted diseased seedlings. Fusarium spp....
Investigations of containerized conifer seedling root diseases at the Champion Timberlands Nursery revealed that Fusarium oxysporum was most commonly isolated from seed, seedling roots, and styroblock containers. Amount of seed infection varied widely among the seedlots tested, but was usually below 5 percent. Runningwater rinses did not reduce amounts of...
The ability of controlled livestock grazing, in
combination with seeding of palatable forages, to reduce
understory competition and enhance conifer
establishment, was evaluated during 1985 and 1986, on
two adjacent sites in southwestern Oregon. In 1984,
Site 1 was clearcut and broadcast burned to remove
slash, and Site 2 was...
The root disease fungus Inonotus tomentosus, common in the old
growth boreal forests of British Columbia, poses a threat to the
health of second growth forests established on sites with a previous
history of root disease. Colonized stumps occur in groups of 1 to 6;
the groups are clumped within...
Successful reforestation of your harvested timberland is more than just
planting a few trees and hoping they will grow. To ensure success,
you first must answer several key questions:
• What species should I plant?
• What kind of seedlings should I select?
• How can I tell whether their...
Detailed analysis of mixed-conifer and red fir forests were made from extensive, large vegetation sampling, systematically conducted throughout the Teakettle Experimental Forest. Mixed conifer is characterized by distinct patch conditions of closed-canopy tree clusters, persistent gaps and shrub thickets. This heterogeneous spatial structure provides contrasting microclimate, habitat and resource conditions...
Voles, or meadow mice as they’re commonly called, can cause significant economic damage to conifer seedlings on reforestation sites and Christmas tree plantations.
Ten herbicides (atrazine, azafenidin, chlorsulfuron, clopyralid, hexazinone, imazapic, imazapyr, metsulfuron, pendimethalin, and sulfometuron) were evaluated for phytotoxicity in first-year seedlings of eight conifer species (Douglas-fir, grand fir, noble fir, redwood, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, western red cedar, and western white pine). Six of these herbicides (atrazine, clopyralid, hexazinone, imazapyr, metsulfuron,...
Information concerning the factors controlling seedling establishment on tephra deposits (airfall volcanic ejecta) is limited. The establishment and growth of six coniferous species, Abies amabills (Dougl.) Forbes (Pacific silver fir), A. procera Rehd. (noble fir), Pinus monticola Dougl. (western white pine), P. Contorta Dougl. (lodgepole pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco...
The influence of shading intensity on performance, chlorophyll fluorescence emissions, the slope of the fluorescence induction curve, chlorophyll contents, and stomatal conductance of four Pacific Northwest conifer species [ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn.), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.)] was...
This thesis consists of three parts: 1) a field case study involving tree growth, moisture stress, and foliar nitrogen response
to sheep-grazed pasture treatments; 2) a shadehouse (potted-plant) study of simulated grazing effects on tree growth and moisture use; and 3) a summary, synthesizing results of the field and shadehouse...
Controls of substrate quality, temperature, and moisture on woody root decomposition in the Pacific Northwest were explored using chronosequences, time series, laboratory incubations, and simulation modeling approaches at three sites: Cascade Head
(CAH), H. J. Andrews (HJA), and Pringle Falls Experimental Forests (PRF). In the chronosequence study, a structural component-oriented...
Reforestation sometimes is delayed by planting seedlings that do not have high potential for survival. Several factors influence survival. Unstored Douglas-fir lifted and planted in early fall generally are increasingly harmed by moisture stress the farther south in the Douglas-fir region they are. Such early-lifted seedlings are harmed even more...
Equations for predicting the 5-yr height growth rate of a tree are presented for six conifer species from southwest Oregon. Equations for the combination of undamaged and damaged trees were estimated with weighted nonlinear regression techniques. These equations are being incorporated into the new southwest Oregon version of ORGANON, a...
Dwarf mistletoes reduce tree height and diameter, and thereby cause a reduction in volume production. We estimate that volume reduction in Montana is about 33.2 MM cubic feet per year. Mistletoe effects are problems in some areas because of the demands we have placed on the Forests for goods and...
Three stands along Benton Creek within the Priest River Experimental Forest, Idaho, were surveyed for diseases using previously established timber inventory plots and sample trees. These surveys provided information to aid in formation of silvicultural prescriptions by CEFES (Continuing Education in Forest Ecology and Silviculture) students. Diseases were quantified at...
Mortality from various causes was recorded in a Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata McD., outbreak southeast of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, in 1974. Observations began June 27 when about 50 percent of the larvae were second instars and continued until pupation. Within a 35-day period, there was a 93 percent average...
Pocket gophers girdle (remove bark from) the bases of conifer seedlings and saplings, causing significant economic losses.
This publication will help you design a program to reduce or eliminate
gopher damage to seedlings and saplings in your forest plantation or
Christmas tree farm.
Methods used to establish permanent plots in precommercially thinned and unthinned stands to monitor root disease development are described. Plots were established in 22 Armillaria-infested stands in northern Idaho and western Montana. The proportion of trees dead and infected was significantly higher for planted than for natural regeneration at the...
Treating styroblock containers in hot water (68°C) with a very dilute bleach and detergent solution effectively reduced populations of Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon spp., two potential root pathogens of containerized conifer seedlings. However, the treatment did not significantly reduce levels of Phoma (another potential pathogen) nor saprophytic Penicillium and Alternaria spp....
Investigations of containerized western white pine, western larch, and Douglas-fir seedlings at the Western Forest Systems Nursery in Lewiston, Idaho, revealed that many seedlings were colonized with Fusarium oxysporum although they lacked severe disease symptoms. White pine seedlings were also infected with Pythium spp., probably as a result of sowing...
This publication discusses the environmental requirements of needle diseases, their potential impact on tree vigor, when disease levels signal a problem, and what you can do to minimize damage.
This study was conducted to investigate why root disease centers east of the
Cascade crest tend to be larger in diameter and more abundant than their counterparts to
the west, within subalpine forest stands of central Oregon. The trend in a 290 km² study
area appeared opposite of what was...
Forest managers of public lands in western Oregon and Washington have become increasingly interested in creating additional conifer cohorts in young, even-aged, second-growth Douglas-fir stands. The purpose of our research was to assess the establishment, survival, and growth of naturally-regenerated and underplanted conifers 10-13 years after overstory thinning and understory...
Containerized western larch, Douglas-fir, grand fir, subalpine fir, and ponderosa pine seedlings which displayed disease symptoms were sampled for presence of Fusarium spp. Seedlings from 33 seedlots within the Northern Region were sampled. Major types of diseases included post-emergence damping-off, root disease (late damping-off), and cotyledon blight. Fusarium oxysporum was...
Potential problem pests found were Armillaria root disease, pocket gopher, western pine shoot borer, and white pine blister rust. Early detection of problem pests allows management actions to be taken if needed to prevent serious impacts. Unit managers should check the areas periodically and call on pest management specialists to...
Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum, F. acuminatum, and F. sambucinum obtained from peat-vermiculite soil mixes were tested for pathogenicity on ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western larch, and blue spruce containerized seedlings and on germination of Scots pine and blue spruce seed. Ponderosa pine seedling were the least susceptible to killing by...
Insect damage was extensive to Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western white pine, and western larch cones at most seed production areas surveyed in 1979. From 70 to 100 percent of the cones from several collecting periods were injured. Moderate damage (40-70 percent of cones injured) occurred to Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western...
In spruce budworm damaged areas, height growth loss can be a major factor in stand development. This survey was confined to top-killed trees. Estimates on height growth loss or nontop-killed trees was not attempted. Although spruce did not have as high a percentage of trees top-killed as the true firs,...
Stepwise multiple regression techniques were used to statistically analyze the relationships between damage caused by the pine needle sheath miner Zellaria haimbachi (Busck); a needle miner, Oenerostoma etrobivorum (Zeller); sugar pine tortrix, Choriatoneura Zambertiana (Busck); and ambient and foliar concentrations of fluoride in lodgepole pine (Pinue contorta v. Zatifolia Engelm.)...
A severe wildfire burned 454 hectares of a second-growth Douglas-fir forest
in 1977 on a north-facing slope in Pattee Canyon, near Missoula, Montana. The
slope was aerially seeded with a grass mixture, from which Dactylis glomerata
established best. Community structure, conifer regeneration, and the impact of the
seeded grass on...
This book provides an illustrated guide to the identification and management of fungi, insects, and abiotic conditions that cause problems in Northwest bareroot conifer nurseries. A key to nursery pests offers initial guidance in identification. Separate chapters address individual pests with details on recognition, damage cycle, and management practices to...
Published March 1936. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Southwest Oregon presents an environment of hot dry summers, cool moist winters, and rocky, shallow soils. The establishment of conifer plantations in this region presents challenging problems for initial seedling survival and subsequent growth. Three areas of concern include early conifer growth after seedling establishment, growth of competing hardwoods within...