This annotated bibliography was compiled to provide a comprehensive list of sources on the ecological factors that affect forest regeneration. Abstracts from 494 publications are indexed by author, species, and subject, and are arranged into 4 major sections. Topics include the effects of biotic factors, abiotic factors, and stand and...
The response to various levels of stand density by natural Douglas-fir regeneration, shrub and sprouting hardwood species was studied in the mixed-evergreen-forests of southwest Oregon. Partial-cut old growth (harvested 22-31 years prior) and thinned evenaged (harvested 9-17 years prior) stand types were used as surrogates for intentionally managed uneven-aged stand...
Natural Douglas-fir stand development is the result of
many types of disturbance, both natural and management
induced. The magnitude and timing of these disturbances
have profound effects on the structure and composition of
both the overstory and understory plant communities. Vine
maple responds to disturbance by basal sprouting, layering,
producing...
Forests are important to Oregon for their beauty as well as economic value, and Douglas fir trees are among the most common and important in the state. Managing and monitoring Oregon’s forests is imperative to ensure they can remain healthy and productive. One tool that helps forest scientists to understand...
Estimating volume gains in genetically improved stands at rotation age is challenging because first-generation progeny tests in Douglas-fir were typically established to measure the relative growth performance of individual trees from open-pollinated parent trees. The overall goal of this dissertation research was to improve growth simulation of genetically improved Douglas-fir...
Budburst, the initiation of annual growth in plants, is sensitive to climate variation and is therefore used to monitor physiological responses to climate change. Budburst timing can vary between regions of an individual tree, but this phenomenon it is unaccounted for in current monitoring efforts and may contribute to the...
Tissue differentiation of the primary root and its associated
laterals is reported. Secretory elements are the first of the primary
tissues to mature. They appear to be located between the precursory
phloem and pericycle in the primary root, but are more closely
associated with the pericycle in long lateral roots....
The Pacific Coast form of Douglas-fir in natural forest succession
is an intermediate species thriving in the Coast Range and
Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest. This species constitutes
26 percent of the standing timber in the United States, and 24 percent
of the nation's annual timber harvest. Characteristics of...
Mitotic activity in the vascular cambium was determined from
ten samples from a single internode in each of four Douglas-fir
[(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Franco.) Mirb.)]trees. Counts of interphase and mitotic nuclei from nine cores in each sample piece
were averaged and expressed as the frequency and mitotic index.
The sampling error...
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) has a wide distribution in North America and is one of the tree species most widely distributed outside its natural range. The species has been introduced to Europe, New Zealand, South America, and elsewhere around the world. At present, Douglas-fir is an accepted and integral part of...
To obtain data on the decomposition of the forest floor, a battery operated electrolytic respirometer was developed making it possible to measure CO₂ evolution from field moist forest floor samples in situ independent of root respiration. Banks of four respirometers powered by two 12-volt batteries were installed in three old...
Experiments were conducted to determine if the plagiotropic
growth habit of rooted cuttings of Douglas-fir might result from a
system favoring the accumulation of indoleacetic acid in the adaxial
side of the shoot in response to vertical placement.
Actively growing excised branch terminals were subjected to
gravitational disorientation to determine...
The effect of lifting date and root-pruning treatments on
water potential, root regeneration, and shoot growth of six-month-old
and three-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings bare-root transplanted
into a growth chamber, and sawdust bed, respectively, was studied.
Root growth in six-month-old and three-year-old seedlings was
highest in February and August respectively. Survival was...
The relation of bud and cambial activity to root initiation and
elongation in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)
stem cuttings was studied through two successive growth cycles.
Stem cuttings of current season's growth were taken periodically
from field-grown Douglas-fir trees to determine: (1) origin and
development of root initials; and...
A microscopic study was conducted on specific gravity wafers taken from standard tensile strength specimens of young growth Douglas-fir. Samples were studied to determine the effect of variables such as percent summerwood, fiber length and fibril angle on tensile strength of Douglas-fir. The sample specimens were picked so effects of...
• A technique for measuring in vitro respiration was investigated to understand why rates were higher than those reported in vivo and to elucidate trends within mature Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas‐fir) trees.
• Extracted increment cores were divided into 3–4 radial depths and a gas chromatograph was used to compare respiration...
Three methods--radial compression strength, color indicators of decay and micro-toughness, an examination of tracheid fracture patterns, were evaluated for detection of early decay and for application to field use. Three-eighth-inch diameter plugs 3/4-inch long, cut from the sapwood and heartwood of a Douglas-fir pole free of decay, were decayed by...
Quantitative and qualitative information on the retention of chlorinated residues in chloropicrin treated wood is lacking. Retention of chloropicrin and its chemical breakdown products in wood, and the effects of chloropicrin treatment of wood on invading decay fungi are explored in this thesis. Chlorinated residues in amounts up to 1.5%...
The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize the layering in the wall of the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga. menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco) phellem cell, 2) determine the pitting present in this cell wall and 3) determine what compounds are present in the middle lamella of this cell. To accomplish the...
The relationships of several wood quality traits with seed origin
and phenological characteristics, measured at a young age, were
tested from six seed sources in a young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) provenance plantation. The wood quality
traits measured were wood density, uniformity of wood density,
percentage latewood, fiber length,...
A study has been made of the kraft pulping properties of young Douglas-fir trees which were thinned from an experimental plantation. The purpose of the plantation study is to determine, whether two year old seedlings can be selected on the criteria of height and branch count for future desirable tree...
In their recent Canadian Journal of Forest Research Comment 368 article, Wilson and Oliver (2000) developed an equation for predicting the average ratio of height to diameter at breast height for the largest 250 trees/ha (H/DL250) in unthinned stands as a function of initial density and dominant height of the...
Pollen contamination was investigated in one block (block 4) of a 10-block Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchard complex in western Oregon. Blocks (25 clones each) represent different breeding zones; thus, contaminant pollen sources not only included the adjacent natural stand of Douglas-fir, but also other blocks within the...
To determine whether shading increases drought-induced
root mortality by changing the chemical
composition of roots, I conducted an experiment in which
high and low light treatments in combination with high
and low soil moisture treatments were applied to
seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuqa menziesii Mirb.
Franco). Because synthesis of suberin (a...
Sapling Douglas-fir trees on five sites in the Coastal and
Cascade Mountain ranges of Oregon were measured five times during
the year from the summer of 1977 through the spring of 1978 for
diurnal patterns of xylem water potential, stomatal conductance and
abscisic acid. Vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation...
First year survival of Douglas-fir seedlings outplanted in areas
characterized by intense vegetative competition is heavily dependent
on available soil moisture. To test this hypothesis, five distinct
classes of Douglas-fir planting stock were planted on the south slope
of McCulloch Peak in McDonald Forest in February of 1975. The
stocking...
The procedure of forest level harvest scheduling
incorporates many inputs of an uncertain nature. Forest
management planners must be aware of the possible effects of
the use of erroneous input information on the results of
their planning. With that knowledge they can better plan a
risk management strategy and make...
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco) seedlings
of a high elevation Rocky Mountain source and a low elevation coastal
source were pretreated under both high and low intensity artificial
light in a growth chamber and outside in a cold frame. Net photosynthesis
was then measured at three ages, 6, 10,...
An understanding of the dynamics of individual tree and stand
growth, development, and structural patterns during the immature
formative years of a commercial species is essential to determine
correct thinning practices necessary to attain desired objectives.
This study compared a natural, medium-site Douglas-fir stand
and an adjacent similar stand released...
Douglas-fir bark was extracted with n-hexane. A light-colored
"wax-like" solid was recovered from the extract by evaporation of
the solvent. Chemically intact sterol esters and ferulic acid esters
were isolated from the "wax" without saponification or degradation
as had been necessary in former investigations. The characterization
of the intact esters...
Rates of apparent net photosynthesis were measured on a sample
of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir consisting of eleven one-year-old seedlings
from each of the thirteen different seed sources. Secondary
observations of needle length, needle weight, and needle number
were also obtained. A formula derived through step-wise multiple
regression of the secondary...
Commercially collected Douglas-fir seed from a moist coastal
ecotype (LaPush, Washington) and a dry inland ecotype (Kaibab
National Forest, Arizona) were subjected to osmotic stresses ranging
from 0 to -8 atmospheres using Carbowax polyethylene glycol 6000
during imbibition and germination. To determine the effect of osmotic
stress on the initiation...
Profitable, even-aged forest management depends on the early establishment
and rapid growth of each new forest crop. These, in turn,
require that the young trees have access to an adequate supply of
native resources of moisture, nutrients and light. In Mediterranean-type
climates, competition for soil moisture is the most serious...
To investigate the movement of elements (N, P, k, Ca, and Mg) from the tree crowns by natural litterfall and leave wash, plots were established on six 450 year-old growth stands at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. The following are the results of the data analyses. Elemental concentrations contained...
Foliage of Douglas-fir seedlings [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] from two contrasting environments was sampled during progressive stages of two consecutive cycles of induced drought for leaf resistance, plant water potential , and abscisic acid content (ABA). One group of seedlings was placed in a controlled environment room while another group...
A systematic investigation was made of the distribution of short wave radiation within the crown of an open-grown Douglas-fir tree. The study tree was 23 years old, 14 meters tall and had a maximum crown diameter of about ten meters. Global radiation was measured every 15 cm along eight different...
This thesis is divided into three chapters. For all chapters, the experiments described deal with the responses of all or a subset
of 72 wind-pollinated Douglas-fir families from 36 different locations in southwestern Oregon. Wind-pollinated seed was collected from each of two trees at each of the 36 locations. The...
Methanolic extracts of the dormant Douglas-fir shoots (buds, leaves, and stems) were fractionated by solvent partitioning (sodium bicarbonate-diethyl ether). The acidic portion of the extract was subjected to column (Sephadex LH-2O, Silica Gel and Polyvinylpyrrolidone), preparative thick-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.
Fractions collected from chromatographic separations were collected and tested for...
From a preliminary 1969 foliar analysis, eight provenances were chosen from the sixteen included in a region-wide, reciprocal Doulgas-fir provenance study for further study of variation in foliar nutrition. In the fall of 1969 separate foliar samples were collected from ten
trees per provenance at each of ten plantations ranging...
Seasonal variations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) leaf weight and nitrogen content were measured in Oregon's Coast and western Cascade Ranges. Current and older foliage from thinned and unthinned stands were sampled monthly from October, 1978 to September, 1979. Changes in leaf weight per unit area of foliage and...
This thesis explored the relationships between the growth of Douglas-fir seedlings and light and moisture resource availability as influenced by competitor type and density in the Oregon Coast Range. Twelve 360 m2 Nelder plots, encompassing a range of 300 to 15,000 cm2 per plant in 48 spokes, were established in...
Definitive evidence for the occurrence and seasonal variation of indole-3 -acetic acid (IAA) in shoots 0 DougLas-fir (Pseudotsuga rrienztesii (Mirb. ) Franco) was sought. Collections obtained in December and June were extracted by solvent using methanol arid diethyl ether arid by certtrtfugatiori. Extraction by ceritrifugation appeared to be twice as...
During the past 20 years, repeated thinning of a Douglas-fir forest, now 65 years old, has allowed desired limits of basal area to be maintained. In the process, the understory environment has altered sufficiently to allow Douglas-fir reproduction to establish in abundance. The forest is located on the east side...
Vegetative propagation is most effective when individuals of demonstrated superior characteristic can be propagated. For this
reason, a method for the induction of adventitious buds on cultured Douglas-fir shoot tips from 20-25 year old trees was developed. Douglas-fir shoot tips failed to survive and grow on a full strength Murashige...
When trees from 16 populations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. var. menziesii) were grown at ten geographically diverse locations for seven years, those from a Vancouver Island source were among the top three for height growth on nine of the ten plantations (Rowe and Ching, 1974). In contrast, growth...
A sample of 181 wind pollinated families, representative of the range of environmental conditions occupied by Douglas-fir in northern California, was used as a basis for studying variation in early height growth, phonology, and seed characteristics. Seedlings were raised at Corvallis, Oregon, in a nursery trial designed to evaluate response...
Karyotype analyses have been madeon only two on the six recognized species in the genus Pseudotsuga, Douglas-fir (P. menziesii) and bigcone Douglas-fir (P. macrocarpa). In this
study, a comparison was made between the karyotypes of Douglas-fir and Formosan Douglas-fir (P. wiloniana). The basic chromosome number of the Formosan Douglas-fir was...
The release of Douglas-fir from competition with snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.) has often been suggested as a way to improve conifer yield in the western Cascades. This study investigated this possibility by describing changes in the availability of water and light and the response of Douglas-fir to the changing environment,...
Douglas-fir seedlings of a single seed source were grown in a nursery under three levels of light intensity: 9, 44, and 100 percent of full light. Growth over an entire growing season was monitored in terms of proportionate distribution of dry matter to shoot and root systems. This was replicated...
The internal moisture stress of Douglas-fir was determined on foliage collected in the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon. Internal moisture stress integrates both climatic and edaphic environmental effects as they influence a plants moisture regime. In this study two laboratory techniques were modified to permit stress measurements to be taken...
Net photosynthesis was measured for photosynthetic light efficiency and capacity on two-year-old plants from eight different seed sources in three measurement periods. The measurement periods corresponded to the physiological periods 1) prior to bud swelling, 2) after needle elongation, and 3) predormancy. Measurement period differences in both photosynthetic efficiency and...
The objectives of this investigation were to measure the seasonal and diurnal variations of starch as well as to relate these variations to growth of the trees. This study also microscopically examined the
needles to determine if starch exists in granular form in Douglas-fir. The objectives were designed to gain...
A detailed analysis was performed on the juvenile growth of six types of Douglas-fir stock under the influence of typical seral Coast Range vegetation. Objectives were to analyze competitive influences important to the growth of tree seedlings and evaluate differences between stock type characteristics and growth patterns in response to...
Nine species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were grown in liquid media over a pH range of 2-7. Species fell into five major groups: (1)
growth significantly best only at the optimal pH, (2) growth increased with increase of pH, (3) significantly best growth spans three pH units, (4) spans four pH...
The effects of winter plant moisture stress (P145) on bare-root 2+0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Frañco) seedlings during nursery lifting and processing were studied. Seedlings were undercut at Ca. 4, 12, and 20 atm PMS during mid-February. Half of the seedlings undercut at 12 and 20 atm were not moistened...
The subject of this study was the determination of the changes
in photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration in two ecotypes of
Douglas-fir as caused by decreasing soil moisture content. The photosynthetic
rate was also correlated with the relative turgidities of
needles.
All the above processes were greatly affected by decreasing
soil...
Genetic variability in natural populations of Douglas-fir was
studied at molecular level by investigating the variations of some
primary gene products, i. e. enzymes. Using the techniques of disc
gel electrophoresis and biochemical staining, the isoenzyme patterns
of leucine aminopeptidase, esterase and glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase are characterized in young seedlings...
This study was undertaken to determine the
effects of different chilling treatments during the dormant
season upon growth of Douglas-fir seedlings0 In
addition it was planned to determine whether seedlings
native to various geographic areas differ in their chilling
requirements0
The hypotheses were advanced, based on previous
studies, that chilling...
A comparison between crown competition factor and basal area as to their ability to predict future basal area growth was conducted. It was shown that for a single age and site combination there was no real difference between the growth prediction ability of the two measures of stand density.
It...
Root biomass studies were conducted in an old-growth stand of
conifers in the western Cascades of Oregon. The root systems of three
Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb. ) Franco)
with diameters at breast height of 94, 110, and 135 cm were excavated
and weighed to provide a basis for...
A rapid and efficient procedure that required no partitioning was developed for the purification of abscisic acid (AbA) from the needles of Douglas-fir seedlings. Extracted needle pigments were removed by a
PVP column and the eluted AbA was concentrated on a DEAE column. The AbA was eluted from the DEAE...
A mathematical model has been developed to describe the growth
of individual Douglas-fir trees under a variety of stand conditions and
management schedules. The model was developed using empirical
data from open-grown trees and reducing growth capacities of height,
stem, and crown as functions of intertree competition indices. Any
initial...
The timber and Christmas tree industries are important components of the Pacific Northwest economy. A goal of both industries is to produce high quality trees with high growth rates. Accomplishing this requires increased genetic quality of the trees grown. Tissue culture provides the most promise for propagating these superior genotypes....
Stem defects, including sinuosity, large branches, and the occurrence of steep-angled
branches (e.g., forks and ramicorns) can occur with high frequency in young
plantations of Coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco).
The importance of including these stem defects as criteria in early selection depends, in
great part, on...
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between
herbaceous competition, fertility, and seed source on Douglas-fir survival and
growth. A secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of these various factors
on the production of lammas shoots and the selectivity of deer browse. Finally,
the role...
Effects of four inbreeding levels (F = 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5) and
two supplemental mass pollination (SMP) methods (agitation of
naturally shedding pollen with "air blaster" and pollen application
from large "pollen wand" atomizer) were evaluated on seed of trees
from eleven full-sibling Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.]
Franco) families in...
Transplant shock was induced by applying a range of soil water contents to unstored and cold-stored two-yearold (2+0) bareroot Douglas-fir seedlings graded by root volume. Moisture stress had the greatest influence on
morphological characteristics commonly associated with transplant shock. Terminal growth, lateral growth, stem diameter growth, and needle length increased...
Stem form development of trees in response to wind has been established in the literature to be a response to stem sway induced by the wind. The response is manifested in modifications to height and diameter growth which strengthen the stem against wind stresses. Experiments in the literature show that...
A series of experiments were established to gain a better understanding of the extent to which Douglas-fir seeding root architecture may be manipulated and subsequent influences on seedling morphological and physiological development. The incorporation of amendments into nursery soils changed root architecture to some degree, but did not produce large...
The overall purpose of this study was to examine the root and shoot development of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings at two distinct time periods in seedling establishment (after I and 3 growing seasons) in response to fertilizer, stock size, vegetation control, and soil moisture treatments. Two separate experiments...
The goal of this thesis was to determine the physiological mechanisms that link adverse preplanting treatments of Douglas-fir, such as exposure and root pruning, to the phenomenon of transplanting shock. The objective of experiments 1 and 2 was to measure the effect of exposure and pruning on the physiology and...
This study had three objectives: (1) to teat the hypothesis that multiple flushing of the terminal shoot (intermittent growth pattern) in Douglas-fir seedlings (Pseudotsuca menziesii var. menziesii) has an adaptive significance, especially in inland populations from the drier regions in southwest Oregon; (2) to evaluate the genetic and adaptive consequences...
Coastal Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) 1 + 1 seedlings were fertilized with two types of fertilizers (NB4NO3+K2SO4 and (NH.4)2 SO4+KC1) at four rates (0, 80, 160, 320 kg N and K/ha) split over 3 application dates (September 19, October 13, November 1, 1996). By January 10, total Kjeldahl nitrogen...