United States Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) guidelines for beef jerky processing support producers' ability to satisfy the performance standard requirements for achieving a 5-log reduction in Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. The first compliance guide for jerky processors was created in response to several Salmonella outbreaks...
Spores of foodborne pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus are widely distributed in nature. Presence of those spores in food products, particularly C. botulinum spores in vacuum packed, ready-to-eat low-acid products, is a great safety concern. The research here described is a first effort towards understanding...
Reports of foodborne outbreaks have increased in the last decade, posing a public health risk to consumers. In an attempt to mitigate this risk, the newly established Food Safety and Modernization Act (FSMA) takes a preventive rather than reactive approach to food safety. Under FSMA, producers are required to validate...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a human pathogen which is prevalent in marine environment. Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus can cause foodborne illness. This study investigated the application of probiotics in depuration for reducing V. parahaemolyticus in raw Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the utilization of green...
Biological agents and their products commonly cause foodborne illnesses. In the United States it is estimated that there are over 76 million cases of foodborne illnesses each year, resulting in an economic loss of approximately $40 billion. These high figures demonstrate the need for bioassays that display a rapid and...
Blackberries, genus Rubus, are an important Oregon agricultural commodity. In their fresh and processed forms, they offer many health benefits and may be able to help Americans better achieve fruit consumption recommendations because of convenience and pleasant sensory qualities. However, the susceptibility of blackberry products to contamination with bacterial pathogens...
Current detection methods for bacterial contamination rely on structure based detection of proteins and nucleic acids. While these methods are easy to use and reliable, they cannot evaluate the toxicity of a sample and the potential to cause disease. Previously, erythrophore cells derived from Betta splendens had been suggested as...
Cell-based biosensors are function-based detectors that use the physiological response of a living cell to sense biologically stimulating agents. This emerging technology extends the application of current detection methods by reporting on the toxicity of a sample and the potential to cause disease. Previously, Betta splendens erythrophores have been described...
Ensuring that calves receive adequate high-quality colostrum containing
antibodies within two to four hours of birth is key to preventing scours. There are a number of factors that influence the quantity and quality of colostrum the calf receives from the dam. These include:
• age of the dam
• precalving...
Green manures, soil solarization, and long rotations with crops not susceptible to Verticillium wilt are among the disease management tactics currently under investigation as alternatives to chemical fumigation of soil. The effect of a broccoli green manure on soil microsclerotial populations of three isolates of Verticillium dahliae and on Verticillium...
The consumption of seafood in the United States has increased rapidly in recent years due to high quality protein and health benefits of seafood. Seafood can be a carrier for bacteria normally distributed in the marine environment and, in some cases, can be contaminated by human pathogens. Therefore, there is...
Revised January 1946. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Three sets of blood samples were taken from 532 beef calves of two populations at 24 to 48 h after birth, at an average age of 164 d (at time of vaccination for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus or IBRV) and at an average age of 224 d (60 d postvaccination)....
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen capable of producing enterotoxins causing staphylococcal food poisoning, one of the most economically important foodborne diseases in the U.S. This pathogen may be introduced to pre-cooked tuna meat used for the production of canned tuna because significant manual handling occurs after cooking of the...
Published in March 1942. Revised October 1949. Published October 1949. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
About 48 million cases of Foodborne illnesses (FBIs) are estimated to occur every year in the US. These are diseases caused by contamination of foods with bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites and toxic chemicals. Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) are an important health-care and community associated problem. Since C. difficile spores have...
Scours is the common name for diarrhea in calves. Diarrhea is a disease
of the digestive system characterized by watery feces and increased
frequency of bowel movements.
The high water content in the feces results in water loss from the body
(dehydration). Along with water, the body loses electrolytes, which...
Published January 1949. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Grafting, which involves combining two different varieties or species to form a plant with new characteristics, is a technique known from ancient times in tree fruit and grape production. It was, however, used in viticulture only for certain special cases: to change variety, increase vigor, or increase limestone tolerance.
With women comprising nearly 50% of HIV/AIDS infections globally, the development of new woman-initiated HIV prevention methods has become a public health imperative. To date, the female condom and the diaphragm are the only woman-initiated prevention methods available on the consumer market. Recent research has focused on two HIV/AIDS prevention...
Crown gall disease is caused by the ubiquitous soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens which transfers a portion if DNA (T-DNA) into the plant cell. Preventing infection by using the biocontrol strain Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 is currently the only defense for crown gall. Two different resistance strategies were examined in this work....
Published February 1933. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Pesticides, including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, bactericides, and herbicides are essential for maintaining healthy grape crops with reliable
yields and quality. In many instances, pesticides have become less effective as target organisms have developed resistance. The first record of resistance dates to 1897, when orchardists began having problems controlling San Jose...
Pesticides—including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and bactericides are essential for maintaining healthy crops with reliable yields and quality. In many instances, pesticides have become less effective as target organisms have developed resistance. The first record of resistance dates to 1897, when orchardists began having problems controlling San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus...
Pesticides—including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and bactericides are essential for growing healthy crops with reliable yields and quality. In many instances, pesticides have become less effective as target organisms have developed resistance. The first record of resistance dates to 1897, when orchardists began having problems controlling San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus...
This study evaluates the effect of an Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention program on the incidence of gonorrhea among the enlisted men in the 105th Battalion of the Honduran Army. The education program was initiated as a result of the high incidence of AIDS in Honduras (more than half...
The Pacific Northwest has become one of the nation’s premier sweet cherry,
Prunus avium, production areas. As production of sweet cherries has flourished in
Oregon and Washington, so has powdery mildew, caused by the fungus
Podosphaera clandestina, which infects both foliage and fruit causing severe
economic damage to growers. Sweet...
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a serious
illness and a public health crisis that demands attention. The number
of people affected continues to increase. By the end of 1991, 1,301
Oregonians had been diagnosed with AIDS and 838 had already died.
Phytophthora ramorum is a plant pathogen that was accidentally introduced to the United States. This invasive microorganism has killed over a million trees in California and Oregon, and continues to spread to new areas. Diseased areas have been nationally quarantined to prevent further spread and more than ninety countries include...
In Zambia, there are approximately 920,000 people living with HIV/AIDS. Children are often referred to as a "window of hope" due to a low HIV/AIDS prevalence rate (UNAIDS/WHO, 2006). With growing numbers of infections and an increased strain on the social and economic structure due to HIV/AIDS there is a...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen recognized as the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with consumption of raw and undercooked seafood, particularly raw oysters, with major symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. It is estimated that 45,000 cases of V. parahaemolyticus infection occur each year in the...
Chlorophyllin (CHL), a water-soluble derivative of the green plant pigment, chlorophyll, is an effective antimutagen and anticarcinogen in various model systems when used as a modulator against a class of carcinogens that, in general, have a structure consisting of at least three fused rings. Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP), an extremely potent environmental...
Published January 1942. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This thesis takes an in-depth look at specific behaviors that are putting Maasai women at risk for HIV/AIDS in Kenya. Methods used include in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, demographic data collection, and nutritional anthropometric measurements. The research took place June September 2004. Analysis reveals a strong connection between poverty and...
Uganda has experienced the largest decline of HIV prevalence of any country in the world, from a peak of 15% in 1991 to 5% today. In cooperation with community-based and faith-based organizations, the Ugandan government has pursued an AIDS prevention strategy centered on urging people to Abstain from sex, Be...
Alerts people who visit, live, or work in certain areas of Oregon and California about a serious plant disease called Sudden Oak Death, and asks them to take steps to prevent spreading the disease. Gives action steps, shows disease symptoms on various host plants, and gives numerous sources for more...
Alerts people who visit, live, or work in certain areas of California and Oregon about a serious plant disease called Sudden Oak Death, and asks them to take steps to prevent spreading the disease. Gives action steps, shows disease symptoms on various host plants, and gives numerous sources for more...
Published November 2009. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Clostridium perfringens type A strains are one of the main causative agents of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in human and can cause both food poisoning (FP) and non-food-borne (NFB) diseases. Several factors contribute to the pathogenesis of C. perfringens type A strains including the wide presence of C. perfringens spores with...
The mountain beaver is a medium-sized rodent of the western Pacific Northwest. Mountain beavers cause damage to forest regeneration by clipping or girdling seedlings or saplings or both, and undermining roots. Methods to control mountain beaver include trapping, toxicants, exclusion, repellents, and habitat modification. This publication describes and recommends a...
There is a strong evidence that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the key causative agent of cervical cancer. However, the majority of women who are exposed to the oncogenic HPV do not develop invasive cervical cancer, suggesting that other factors could play a role in the cause and progression of cervical...
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects ruminant populations worldwide. The characteristic stages of the disease make diagnosis difficult, resulting in silent transmission among animals in a herd for years before proper detection of the infection. The extensive...
The objective of this study was to characterize an unknown agent associated with decline in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) in Oregon. A virus was found consistently associated with decline symptoms of black raspberries and was named Black raspberry decline associated virus (BRDaV). Double stranded RNA extraction from BRDaV-infected black raspberry...
Sudden Oak Death (SOD) is a plant disease caused by the water
mold Phytophthora ramorum. This organism causes disease in
more than 100 species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and ferns.
This ethnographic study was conducted among the Meo community of north India to understand cultural norms, prescriptive behaviors, and practices associated with conceptions and contraception among Meo women and men living in five neighboring villages in the region of Mewat. The study goals were to collect ethnographic data on fertility-related...
The phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, DeCock & Man in't Veld), causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) of oaks (Quercus spp.) and tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), is established in coastal forests of the western United States. Since the discovery of SOD in the Douglas-fir / tanoak forests of...