ROSS (Robotic Oceanographic Surface Sampler) is an autonomous boat, equipped with oceanographic sensors, used for studying the ocean’s surface. One of its advantages over traditional research vessels is its ability to sample near glaciers, an area too dangerous for manned ships. In order to properly ascertain deep ocean heat’s effect...
Electricity is at the center of attention as today many essential systems (water, gas, communications, and the internet for example) and infrastructures depend on its continuity for their smooth functioning. On the other hand, electricity power networks have developed and became large, and highly complex technical systems, geographically extended, requiring...
The purpose of my thesis is to recognize the social injustice that existed in France 20 years ago and continues to result in social dysfunction today. I have used the film La Haine (dir. Mathieu Kassovitz, 1995) to examine past events in France’s history and have compared them to more...
The purpose of this qualitative research study is to address the disconnect in high school classrooms between traditionally taught, canonical texts and the increasingly diverse population of students reading them through the framework of culturally responsive teaching (Ladson-Billings, 1994; Gay, 2010). Open-ended interviews were utilized to document the teaching practices...
Racism on college campuses continues to create a toxic environment for students of color to learn and thrive in. In order for institutions of higher education work to address the complexities of the issues that students of color face, it is important to understand the context in which those issues...
Despite research advancements, the medical field contributes to many health disparities, or situations in which groups that were historically oppressed also experience systematically worse health and greater health risks than more advantaged groups. Although some researchers have paid attention to this population, most studies focus on transition-related care (mostly surgeries...
The Hawai’i County Band is based in Hilo, Hawai’i and was founded in 1883 by brothers Joaquin and Jules Carvalho. After the Kingdom of Hawai’i was overthrown in 1893, the band became known as the Hilo Portuguese Band and after the United States made Hawai’i a territory, the band became...
This project focuses on building a test stand in order to measure novel scintillator
materials’ decay times. A proof of concept prototype confirms the manufacturer decay
time of EJ-204 and LYSO scintillators with good statistics and confirmation of results
after calibrations. With the prototype functional, the test stand is commissioned...
This paper details the development and pre-testing of a questionnaire designed for assessing the user experience of a View-Master virtual reality headset, and discusses the theory in the field of user experience used to carry out that effort. A group of eight researchers drafted the questionnaire collectively, with the intent...
This paper details the development and pre-testing of a questionnaire designed for assessing the user experience of a View-Master virtual reality headset, and discusses the theory in the field of user experience used to carry out that effort. A group of eight researchers drafted the questionnaire collectively, with the intent...
Climate change is causing the world’s oceans to increase in temperature, threatening many populations of organisms. Corals are of particular concern, due to both their ecological importance and sensitivity to high temperatures. Coral populations in the Persian Gulf, however, have been surviving in normally-lethal thermal conditions. An analysis of specific...
Brands are becoming more relevant in today’s society, especially in order to
differentiate among competitors and in the eyes of the consumer. As a result of this
relevance, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to maintain a strong brand
perception among consumer markets. Therefore, it is fundamental for brands to...
Nowadays, big data and data mining play a more and more important role in numerous industries. Hospital industry is no exception. Hospitals in China have one of the highest patient volumes throughout the world, and they start to take advantage of these data and information, but these valuable data are...
Treatment of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts provides many options, including cellophane banding. These cellophane bands are secured with a ligation clip. Weck® offers two forms of these: the stainless steel Hemoclip, and the polymer Hem-o-lok. This in vitro study compares the mechanical strength of these two of types of clips by...
A specific tyrosine post-translational modification, called 3-nitro-tyrosine (nitroTyr), has been known to be present on an essential calcium signaling protein called calmodulin (CaM) during oxidative stress. While protein-bound 3-nitro-tyrosine has long been considered a biomarker of OS, it is also hypothesized to be a mechanism for protein signaling. However, purification...
Aaron Copland is known by many as the founder of American Music and is still considered one of the pre-eminent composers to come from the Americas, particularly North America. He composed from 1917-1973, with many of his most recognizable works composed in the early 1940s. Duo for Flute and Piano...
Blueberry pomace (BP) and cranberry pomace (CP) are good sources of dietary fiber and phenolics. This study aimed to develop berry fruit pomace-fortified specialty mustard with elevated bioactive compounds. Wet BP and CP were ground and incorporated into Dijon-style mustard at concentrations of 15, 20, and 25% (w/w). Total dietary...
Understanding how particles behave in detectors is a critical part of analyzing data from neutrino experiments. There are methods in place to track charged particles in scintillator material, but neutral particles such as neutrons are more difficult to characterize. The purpose of this project was to assess and calibrate methods...
The advancement of the US energy grid is a necessary task to undertake as renewable energies like wind and solar power become more and more prevalent in our energy sector. However, due to uncontrollable factors such as wind speed and cloud cover, the intermittence of these energy sources continues to...
Millions of acres of rangeland in the western U.S. is shared habitat by elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and cattle (Bos taurus). Potential competition between these ungulates for the same forage species can be understood from their diet composition. I used DNA metabarcoding methods with trnL primers to...
The Virtual Machine Control Structure is an x86 hardware structure available on Intel platforms which support the VMX instruction set extensions. Developers working with Linux kernel virtualization technologies may need to alter fields in the VMCS, but the few existing tools for updating the structure are unstable or difficult to...
There is an absence of multicultural children’s literature focusing on the experiences of Nepalese-American children in the United States. This marginalizes many Nepalese-American children and their experiences. I wrote a book called If You Believe that represents the Nepalese-American children in order to fill this void in multicultural children’s literature....
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices are designed to enable individuals with limited communication abilities to communicate effectively with others. One of the most commonly used AAC devices converts a text input into a vocalized message for the user. These types of AAC devices can be difficult to use and...
Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a “native invasive” tree species in Eastern Oregon. It is extremely good at finding and consuming water in arid climates, which makes it difficult for other plant species, especially sagebrush and grasses to survive. Sagebrush and grasses are necessary for the survival of the sage...
More than six million American students have a diagnosed disability (NCES, 2015). Research suggests that 62% of them may never participate in clubs, sports, or other organized activities in their communities (Coster et al., 2012). Parents, advocates, and educators of individuals who experience disability were interviewed to gather their perspectives...
The research of genealogy and family history can represent a means of self-discovery, connection, and preservation of the past. The experience is individualistic, unique to the intricate intertwining of lives that helped create and influence who we are today. Through the analysis of historical biographies, family documents, and autobiographical vignettes,...
Many people around the world suffer from a mental illness, and too few receive the help they need. Mental illness is especially prevalent among the homeless. Homelessness is represented in all ages, ethnicities, and genders, and is especially represented among first world countries such as the United States and Spain....
Long delays in reactor startup due to high biomass washout have hindered the development of efficient and cost-effective wastewater treatments based on the anammox process. This can be remedied with efficient biomass retention systems. In the following study, anammox bacteria were successfully enriched in hydrogel immobilizations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)...
The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, to investigate the occurrence of displacement, adult word count (AWC), and child vocalization (CV), for two brothers, one with Down syndrome and one who is typically developing, on a minute level basis, in an inclusive play setting, over the course of two...
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is a histone methyltransferase that initiates facultative heterochromatin formation by trimethylating histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Mutations within its three primary subunits, KMT6, EED, and SUZ12, result in inherited diseases and sporadic cancers. In the fungus Fusarium graminearum, deletion of the gene encoding the...
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is a nontuberculous mycobacterium which commonly infects patients with underlying lung pathology. MAH infections are difficult to treat and require lengthy courses of multiple antibiotics. MAH infects macrophages and evade the immune system by altering host cell cytokine production. The hypothesis is that intracellular MAH...
Academic performance of student athletes is an of interest topic in the current climate of rising university athletics expenses. This project academic population of Oregon State University student athletes with that of the general undergraduate population using grade point averages (GPA). Samples were compared using team, gender, college, and sport...
Despite Portland’s progressive reputation, the response of city officials, police officers, and the community as a whole to the killing of the black man, Lloyd Stevenson, in 1985 at the hands of Portland police, demonstrates that the long racially discriminatory history of Oregon shaped public policy and popular thought about...
This work introduces the design and fabrication of a green-sourced and mostly biodegradable microbial fuel cell for use in soft robotic applications from environmental sensing to wastewater remediation. Theorized from other biodegradable fuel cells, this prototype achieved maximum power densities of 4.0 x 10−4 W/m2 in the single-chambered design and...
Chlamydiae encode a family of proteins named the polymorphic membrane proteins, or Pmps, whose role in infection and pathogenesis is unclear. The Rockey Laboratory is studying polymorphic membrane protein expression in Chlamydia abortus, a zoonotic pathogen that causes abortions in ewes. C. abortus contains 18 pmp genes, some of which...
Equine-facilitated mental health (EFMH) is a practice within equine-assisted therapy
(EAT) that has expanded greatly in the last 20 years, but scientific research is still
lacking. Thus far, no attempt has been made to characterize the horses and ponies
currently used in EFMH programs, or to define what characteristics EFMH...
Xanthan gum, a naturally produced polysaccharide, is biocompatible, and it is commonly used as a food additive. When combined with trivalent ions, such as chromium (III), a gel can form. Various concentrations of xanthan gum and chromium (III) nitrate were combined to evaluate the sol-gel transition of this system. Samples...
The extensive adoption of social media has provoked widespread debate about how
online communication impacts social relationships. An apparent paradox of Facebook
is that people simultaneously express feeling more and less connected than ever
before. Through perspectives from psychology and communication studies, this thesis
addresses a question of public concern:...
Cyanobacteria represent an underexploited source of bioactive natural products of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Lack of development of these compounds as drug leads is due mainly to myriad practical problems with the producing strains including long doubling times, genetic intractability, and low compound yields. Previous attempts at heterologous expression...
Transects were run at five locations in the Benton County area searching for
samples of Chlorociboria spp. on dead wood, with fifteen total samples found. Of
these samples, eight samples had the wood species identified, with the majority found
on Acer macrophyllum and one on Salix spp. The density of...
“An undeniably vast portion of American history is attributed to people of color. But these stories of discoveries and researches, resilience and liberation all seemed like missing pieces to the puzzle that is America.” (Vo-Nguyen). This speaks to the experience of how the stories, lives, and contributions of their communities...
In college transmission lines courses, students are expected to understand how different circuit configurations affect the signals on a transmission line. Having a way to visualize these signals can greatly improve their learning experience. This thesis details the development of an open source, interactive learning tool used to illustrate fundamental...
According to the United Nations, Iran has one of the highest percentages of drug addicts in the world, with anywhere between three and four million addicts addicted to heroin or crystal meth in a population of 80 million. At least 700,000 of these addicts are women, whom make up ten...
Background: Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is a risk factor for bone fracture.
Using a non-human primate model of voluntary alcohol self-administration, we have recently shown that alcohol consumption suppresses intracortical bone remodeling. The current study extends this investigation to asses the effect of alcohol consumption on cancellous bone mass, architecture,...
Global energy needs are continuously increasing while fossil fuels remain an uncertain resource. With a growing population and demand for energy, alternative energy sources are being pursued to power the future. Fossil fuels are an unsustainable resource that brings along problems of climate change and atmospheric pollution. Concentrated solar power...
We have developed a 100 m diameter solid-state potentiometric pH sensor to study the bacterial metabolism at the biofilm-biomaterial interface in real-time. The newly developed agar-coated pH sensor is both highly resistant to biofouling and stable, with a drift of 1 mV/h in physiological conditions. We used multiwall carbon nanotubes...
Many real world problems have partial solutions or intermediary steps which can lead toward solving the problem. When assembling robotic teams to solve these problems, we have intuition about which intermediary steps are more useful than others. We examine methods to identify and apply our designer intuition onto tightly coupled...
The Santo Tomas University Internment Camp Podcast tells the story of a prison camp run by the Japanese in the Philippines during World War Two, told through a scrapbook created by two internees named Frank and Mildred Miles. Consisting of two parts, an academic portion which focuses on the historical...
Aquatic animals possess surprising similarities to humans in reproductive signaling that are simplified or elaborated for life underwater, making them useful for studying reproductive control. In this thesis, killifish and sea anemones are used as models for reproductive function and aging. The aging model Nothobranchius (killifish) was used to investigate...
Background: The ability to produce rapid muscle force and joint torque is important for performance in sports, injury prevention and rehabilitation, and balance recovery. One way to measure rapid torque production is rate of torque development (RTD), which is the slope of the torque-time curve. Interventions aimed at increasing RTD...
In conversations about social change, community-based coalitions can be identified
as one of the driving factors in multi-level changes. Coalitions can be defined as
groups of people, organizations, countries, etc. united for a common goal. Coalitions
initially form to complete a common purpose, but also to build lasting connections for...
Group foraging occurs across many ecosystems and taxa, and benefits some or all individuals in the group by optimizing feeding efficiency. The beater theory describes when individual “beaters” benefit other group members by herding prey into more accessible areas. Humpback whales feed on a variety of small patchy prey, and...
Reclaimed water is a key source in overall global water management and sustainability;
however, small concentrations of antibiotics in treated wastewater effluent threaten
induction of antibiotic resistance in naturally-occurring soil bacteria and pathogens in
irrigated soils. This type of chronic exposure has the potential to lead to more severe food...
The Mount Thompson 7.5 Minute Quadrangle is located in the central Boulder Batholith, between the cities of Butte and Helena. The Boulder batholith is host to numerous metalliferous vein deposits, including those in the Butte District. Recent USGS (EDMAP)-funded geologic mapping at 1:24,000 scale in the Mount Thompson Quadrangle during...
Childhood obesity is an extensively research topic as it effects a large number of individuals and has serious consequences on those effected. Current statistics estimate roughly 17% of the youth population is now obese. However, the spread of these cases is not equally distributed. Certain populations are at increased risk...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium that is capable of causing infections in people who are immune compromised. The bacterium can live in a variety of environments due to the variety of virulence factors it can produce. It is well adapted to living in iron-stringent conditions because it can...
Limnanthes alba, commonly known as meadowfoam is a popular commercial crop because its seed oil is composed of long carbon chains that provide it with high oxidative stability and consequently make it a desirable ingredient in cosmetic products. As a commercial pollinator, the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, may be...
We analyze merger parameters of binary black hole systems (BBHSs), including orbital separation and time at which gravitational and viscous timescales intersect for all combinations of black holes (BHs) in the range 1-100 solar masses. Our initial examination of BBHS merger parameters using the assumption R=0.5r reveals suspicious trends in...
Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) is a significant biogeochemical process carried out by certain bacteria, generally referred to as anammox bacteria. These bacteria have the ability to anaerobically oxidize ammonium (NH4+) with nitrite (NO2-) to form nitrogen gas (N2) without an organic carbon source. While anammox bacteria are found in a...
The Oregon Water Atlas is an aggregation and visualization of Oregon’s water data. Multiple government agencies (state and federal) maintain geographic data related to Oregon’s water, and they exist almost exclusively in GIS (geographic information system) formats. Using GIS processing software in conjunction with web design, a wide array of...
This thesis analyzes different aspects of the Oregon foster care system. It does this first by looking at racial/ethnic disparities across counties. Then it analyzes the relationship between foster care rates and child poverty rates, childhood food insecurity rates, free and reduced lunch eligibility rates, and unemployment rates for Oregon’s...
The purpose of this meta-synthesis was to investigate why students from the U.S. receive the scores they do on the international TIMSS and PISA science exams. This work sought to shed light on the perceived disparity between science performance of U.S. students and students from other countries. To do so,...
Given the unique nature of interpersonal interactions via microblogging sites (such as Twitter), it has become clear that a new generation of political candidates will need to appeal to a new generation of voters by way of an entirely new mechanism: Social networking sites (SNS’s). In order to address the...
The periviable period is defined as birth between 20 and 26 weeks gestation—the limit of viability or the earliest age at which a premature neonate may be expected to live—during which clinical outcomes vary widely. The medical uncertainty with this pregnancy complication can cause a significant amount of physical and...
This paper critically examines the notion of citizenship and how its construction has evolved over time. As the world becomes increasingly more globalized and connected, it becomes even more important to consider forms of citizenship that are transnational and move beyond the traditional borders of the nation-state. This is especially...
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility for an infant with Down syndrome to use a modified ride-on car that encourages the physical skills of pulling from sit-to-stand and standing with assistance. Method: An 8 month old boy, Child B, was video recorded during the 11...
The production of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles has increased significantly in the past decades, which has generated concern due to their known toxicity in the environment. As a result of the production, use and disposal of productions containing TiO2, TiO2 nanoparticles are often received by wastewater treatment facilities. The adsorption...
An important goal of engineering educators is to prepare students to interact and communicate with other professionals, especially other engineers. Object and process scale is a crucial concept that engineers are required to communicate frequently and effectively. The goal of this study is to characterize how engineers communicate scale within...
Inertial microfluidics refers to the manipulation of the location and velocity of particles suspended in microscale fluid flow without the introduction of outside forces. It has promising applications in flow cytometry and other biomedical technologies because of the potential for lowering cost and complexity relative to current particle focusing methods....
The 2008 financial crisis started a domino effect that crippled much of the United States economy. Most associate this crisis with large scale mortgage failure and an increase in unemployment. These were two of the main causes and effects of the crisis. However, society as a whole was also impacted....
The role of the high density lipoprotein (HDL) molecule is currently an area of great interest within the scientific community. Previously, mouse and human studies have demonstrated an inverse association between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and cardiovascular disease. Recent clinical trials, which increased HDL-C, have failed to reduce the number...
High-quality child care enables children to learn necessary foundational skills, but children with disabilities, compared to typically developing children, are less likely to experience high levels of classroom quality. Further, teacher’s perceptions of children with developmental delay or disability may be skewed, which may lead to a lower-quality classroom experience....
Granulocytes are a class of white blood cells essential to immune function. Granulocyte transfusions hold promise to treat many conditions, but the short-shelf life of granulocytes makes transfusions infeasible without a cell preservation method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential for cryopreservation of granulocytes using 30%...
This paper discusses the merits of providing users variational views when editing variational code. I provide a plugin for the popular Atom Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which replaces #ifdef annotations commonly used by the C PreProcessor (CPP) with colored backgrounds, thus reducing code clutter and attempting to help programmers quickly...
Neonatal jaundice secondary to hyperbilirubinemia occurs in 60% of all term newborns and nearly all preterm newborns in the US. Severe cases of this may lead to chronic encephalopathy, neurologic deficits, and, in some cases, death. Intensive blue light phototherapy involves irradiation of a patient with high intensity light and...
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to control pain and inflammation, but can have serious adverse effects, including gastrointestinal ulceration. Non-selective NSAIDs inhibit both cyclooxygenase isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 is primarily responsible for the inflammatory response, while COX-1 is constitutively expressed, representing the dominant source of prostaglandins for gastric...
Director David Fincher’s films contain many distinct elements that set his work apart, but one of the most instantly recognizable elements is his visual style – specifically, his camerawork. The level of control and purposefulness that Fincher exhibits in his films qualify Fincher as the auteur, or “author,” of his...
This collection of creative nonfiction essays seeks to examine my expanding consciousness and the people and experiences that have contributed to it. The first essay juxtaposes competitive running and dancing, the second considers how food choices challenge relationships, the third unpacks an implausible friendship while paralleling an Audre Lorde essay,...
The majority of power system cascading models assume that system operators will
react perfectly and timely to an electrical event. However, as evidenced by several
blackouts in the last decades, the inadequate system operators’ situation awareness
and response can contribute significantly to the severity of an electrical disturbance.
Under these...
Floods remain the world’s most destructive natural hazard, despite centuries of efforts to minimize losses. Understanding public preferences for flood mitigation measures, and the impacts of these measures, is key to minimizing flood-induced losses. This study quantified tradeoffs between flood mitigation measures and determined factors that influence public preferences for...
This study examined the effect of exposure to fat positive exercise images as well as stereotypical fat imagery and stereotypical thin exercise images on participants’ self-reported weight bias and body image. The study hypothesized that participants exposed to fat positive imagery would exhibit less social distance, fat phobia, and internalized...
Behavioral studies have observed facial recognition bypass attentional limitations when performed with non-facial recognition tasks (e.g., a digit task). Awh et al. (2004) proposed this was due to multi-channel processing, where non-facial objects utilize a feature-based channel leaving the configural-based channel available for facial processing. We tested this hypothesis using...
Copper antimony sulfide (CAS) is a ternary material that is of research interest for thin film photovoltaic applications due to its high absorption coefficient and tunable bandgap. The material is also ideal for sustainable manufacturing due the constituent elements being earth-abundant and less toxic than solar cell absorbers like gallium...
Although the prevalence of family businesses in our current economy is rapidly increasing, there is very little research involving consumer perceptions of these firms. This study aims to study these consumer attitudes (i.e., trust, attitudes, and purchase intentions) towards family and non-family firms. This thesis also discusses how those wrongdoings...
Oregon Ballot Measure 97 is a contentious measure on the Oregon 2016 ballot that seeks
to raise taxes on corporations with sales over 25 million dollars within the state of
Oregon. Predictably, there has been a considerable amount of dialogue with the public as
well as lobbying among elites to...
Monitoring phenylalanine (Phe) levels in the blood of individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) is a critical component of therapy. Existing tests for PKU require high-resource laboratories, which are not available to many populations and cannot provide the real-time feedback required for effective therapy monitoring. It would be ideal to develop an...
Anthropogenically-induced increases in the acidity of the ocean have the potential to seriously harm marine calcifying organisms by decreasing the availability of carbonate (CO32−) used to make shells. I tested the effects of lowered pH on juvenile Pisaster ochraceus, an intertidal sea star and keystone predator in the eastern Pacific...
The Other Side of Marin investigates how the lack of communication between family members can lead to potentially devastating consequences. The novella, set in the 1970s in Northern California, is told from the points of view of Lucy, a middle-aged mother of four, and her teenage son, who for his...
Safety culture is a vital part of any organization. It describes how employees, on all levels, perceive safety at the particular organization. Measuring safety culture is fundamental to determining the environment of the organization. Using different measurement methods, including surveys, changes can be made to increase safety and improve safety...
Moral reasoning ability is a measure of the stage of development of an individual along a theoretical scale through which one moves over the course of their lifetime, developed by Lawrence Kohlberg and further modified by James Rest, who’s revised Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) will be used for our study....
1. Early competitive environments can shape the development of offspring across taxa. For example, competition for food can have downstream effects on offspring phenotypes and fitness; however, little is known about how early competition influences the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and its potential tradeoff with growth. Because baseline and...
This thesis is an exploration of writing a music album from a singer-song writer perspective. It contains the process of writing lyrics and music, inspiration from other artists, as well as performance. It goes through the emotional ebbs and flows of creative writing, ground work for recording an album and...
The purpose of this project was to optimize the biomass growth of Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. This was achieved by studying the effect of various concentrations of glucose, use of pure glycerol and purified crude glycerol as alternative carbon sources, and inhibition of cell growth with the presence of copper. The...
YouTube is a free video watching and uploading site that allows endorsing and
sharing of videos. Youth and adolescents as top viewers of YouTube may be exposed to
images and messages on tobacco, marijuana and alcohol use behaviors.
The research project entailed deriving a list of songs from the 2014...
Increasing complexity and demand of healthcare has not been matched with policy changes and improvements in healthcare training. In Linn, Benton, and Lincoln Counties (LBL), a few challenges that prevent the efficient training of healthcare providers are (1) limited training capacity due to clinical placements and availability of qualified faculty...
Essential oils have numerous chemical and therapeutic applications. Some oil extraction methods, including steam distillation, require a large energy input. An alternative technique with a lower energy demand is the extraction of oils using supercritical liquid carbon dioxide (CO2), which extracts essential oils with minimal environmental impact. While this often...
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is the most common pathogen among non-tuberculous mycobacteria, causing disease in immunocompromised individuals. An intracellular bacterium, MAH resides within the phagosome, a vesicle formed by macrophages as they engulf invading pathogens. Here, a subpopulation of MAH regresses into a nonreplicative state called persistence, allowing them...