A pandora moth (Coloradia pandora Blake) outbreak began in 1991 in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) spacing study area that also included scattered sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl). The relation of defoliation to five tree spacings (with and without understory vegetation) was examined, and stand growth reduction...
Infestations of the western pine shoot borer (Eucosma sonomana Kearfott) in young stands of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Lawson), were surveyed on the Deschutes National Forest. Elevation, slope, aspect, tree height, tree diameter, number of shoots in the terminal whorl, stand density, stand age and plant association for each stand were...
The pine butterfly (Neophasia menapia C. Felder & R. Felder) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is a relatively host-specific defoliator of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws). From 2008 to 2012, the Malheur National Forest was subject to an outbreak of pine butterfly in ponderosa pine, peaking at ~100,000 ha of forest...
Published February 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Root rot caused by Armillariella mellea creates roughly circular
disease centers of infected dead and dying trees in the younggrowth
ponderosa pine forest under study. Research objectives concerning
chemical control of the disease were: 1) to test the
effectiveness of certain chemicals in protecting living pines adjacent
to disease centers...
Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr. ) Karst. was grown aseptically
in hazel stems (Corylus cornuta var. californica) which were used in
the forest to infect 290 ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Laws.)
which had been "stressed" in five different manners plus two control
groups. All trees were inoculated twice giving a...
Trees stressed by artificial and natural means were sampled for response in growth and vigor, carbohydrate content, resin pressure characteristics, and water relations. Tree response was found to reflect both the severity and type of stress imposed. Crown color and appearance were reliable indicators of prolonged stress and advanced decline...
Pine needle blight of Pinus ponderosa Laws. caused by
Elytroderma deformans (Weir) Darker is recognized by changes in
the needles, in the bark and in the development of the branches.
Anatomical studies of the host-parasite relation have been made previously
on young pine tissue up to four years of age...
Longevity and germination of seed of western dwarfmistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm. f. campylopodum) of ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) was investigated to determine:
1) the influence of humidity and temperature on seed viability and
deterioration during storage; 2) the physiology of seed dormancy;
3) the composition of seed reserve food...
Root rot due to Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.)
Karst. is unusually severe in ponderosa pine near Glenwood,
Washington. Isolate relations, clonal variability, vegetation
patterns, and climate were examined in relation to
severity of disease in this area.
Ninety-one isolates from 70 infection centers were
examined. Pairings of neighboring isolates...
The bark beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae) has caused severe mortality in recent decades to young
stands of ponderosa pine in the western United States. Insect parasites
and predators, believed to be of importance in the population
dynamics of the beetle, were the subject of the thesis research, conducted...
Published September 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The potential of 9 bacterial and 6 fungal isolates to
protect wood against wood staining microorganisms was
studied using small sapwood samples of unseasoned Ponderosa
pine [Pinus ponderosa Laws] sapwood. Bacillus subtilis Cohn,
isolate 733 A , Gliocladium virens J.H. Miller, J.E. Giddens
& A.A. Foster isolate H 3 and...
Healthy-appearing 1-0 ponderosa and lodgepole pine seedlings were assayed for root infection and colonization by potentially-pathogenic fungi following pre-sowing soil treatments which included methyl bromide/chloropicrin (MBC) fumigation, fallowing with or/without periodic cultivation, and amending soil with mushroom composts or undecomposed sawdust. Levels of root colonization by Fusarium spp. on both...
The purpose of this study was to determine if infection levels of dwarf mistletoe on ponderosa pine could be detected with color aerial photography. The photography was taken in early September using Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero and Ektachrome Aero films at scales of 1/4000, 1/2000, and 1/1000. Ground truth consisted...
A synthetic pheromone of the western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, has been used
successfully as a 'mating disrupter in northern Idaho and western Montana since 1984. Infestation
levels in treated ponderosa pine plantations declined from an average of 28 percent infested in 1983
to 5.5 percent by 1986....
A total of 45 nondiseased containerized ponderosa pine seedlings from 10 seedlots were sampled at three different times during the growing season for root infection by Fusarium and Trichoderma at the USDA Forest Service Nursery in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. More than 90 percent of the seedlings had roots infected with...
Aerial application of mexacarbate and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was tested against pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia (F. and F.). These were applied to 40-acre plots on the Bitterroot National Forest and adjacent State and private lands during June 1973. Two concentrations of each material were tested; these were 0.15 and 0.30...
Cones of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine with extensive mold on external portions of scales were sampled for presence of fungi potentially pathogenic to conifer seedlings in nurseries. The major colonizers of cone scales and external seedcoats for both conifer species were Trichoderma spp. Penicillium spp. were also very common. The...
Needle tip dieback of 2-0 ponderosa pine seedlings at the Coeur d'Alene Nursery was investigated. Organisms associated with dieback symptoms were identified and infected trees were transplanted to determine disease effects on survival. The major fungus colonizing necrotic needles was Lophodermium nitens, a close associate of L. pinastri. The fungus...
Mountain pine beetle reached epidemic levels in second-growth ponderosa pine stands on Bureau of Indian Affairs and private lands on the Crow Indian Reservation. Approximately 9,106 trees containing 420,266 merchantable board feet were killed from 1971 to 1973. This is about 24 percent of the merchantable ponderosa pine in stands...
The pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia Feld., has been at epidemic levels in the Bitterroot and Missoula valleys for the past 2 years (Ciesla et al. 1971) (Bousfield and Meyer 1972). Several reports of conspicuous pine butterfly flights on the Flathead Indian Reservation prompted an evaluation of the potential for pine...
This report documents the establishment of a study to determine the effect of thinning on incidence of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., infestation in second-growth ponderosa pine stands in western Montana.
Although insufficient time has passed for a similar study in Oregon to yield a solid base for a...
The mountain pine beetle infestation existing on the Crow Indian Reservation (IR) since the early 1970's, and later developing principally in the western portion of the Northern Cheyenne IR, continued into 1984. Survey results indicate the infestation is still building on both Reservations. To help develop beetle management strategies appropriate...
This dissertation describes arthropod responses to and effects on decay processes in ponderosa pine, a dominant forest canopy tree in northern California. We used both descriptive and experimental field techniques to establish how arthropod assemblages depend on and are important to the disintegration of woody structures in forests of this...
The biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum strains
B-2A, B-8A, B-4B, B-15B, and B-41 and Serratia plymuthica was
evaluated using agar plates and wood wafers of unseasoned
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa laws). All five isolates of
Trichoderma harzianum and Serratia plymuthica could inhibit
stain fungi growth in agar plates and exhibited...
Benomyl and chlorothalonil were tested on 2-0 bareroot ponderosa pine seedlings as a means to reduce impact of Diplodia tip blight at the Fantasy Farms Nursery, Peck, Idaho. Infection levels were not adequate to assess effectiveness of the fungicides. However, techniques were developed which can be used to assess efficacy...
Root rot of ponderosa pine caused by Armillaria mellea was
studied in a pine forest that had been under management for 30 years
in Klickitat County, Washington. Information sources included
disease survey, detailed observation and description of specific
disease situations, and examination of roots in situ and removed.
Roughly circular...
In 1967, Lophodermella morbida Staley and Bynum, a recently described
hypodermataceous needle-cast fungus, became destructively
epidemic in a knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata Lemm.) plantation in
Del Norte County, California, and in several ponderosa pine (P.
ponderosa Laws.) plantations in western and southwestern Oregon.
This thesis presents information on this currently...
Eighteen isolates of Fusarium comprising four species (F. oxysporum, E. avenaceum, E. acuminatum, and F. sambucinum) isolated from diseased conifer seedlings from nurseries were tested for pathogenicity on Douglas-fir germlings. Three of the most pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates on Douglas-fir germlings were also tested on ponderosa pine germlings and older...
Two blends (Natural and Phillips) of the western pine shoot borer pheromone, formulated as Hercon Luretape, were applied to six ponderosa pine plantations in northern Idaho and western Montana in 1984. The treatment was approximately 21.6 grams of pheromone per hectare. Significant reductions in damage have occurred in all treated...
The mountain pine beetle infestation in Corral, Little Corral, and Cache Creeks on the Crow Indian Reservation, Montana has been increasing for the past several years. Trees killed per acre averaged 38.8 in 1979. Our predictions for the future trend of the infestation, plus management alternatives to lessen its severity,...
Mountain pine beetle infestations in second-growth ponderosa pine developed in 1973 in the Little Rocky Mountains. In 1976, increasing numbers of attacked trees were observed. Current infestation intensity averages 7.1 trees per acre. Losses are expected to continue as long as stands remain overstocked and stagnated. Reduction of basal area...
A mountain pine beetle outbreak developed on the north face of Shook Mountain in 1972. Beetle populations increased, and have continued at an epidemic level since 1973. Surveys show 404,798 ponderosa pine containing 12,173,940 bd. ft. volume of merchantable timber; and 20,875 lodgepole pine containing 730,625 bd. ft. volume of...
Ponderosa pine is an important species both commercially and ecologically in western North America. This study considers the incidence of insect and disease pests on a series of replicated ponderosa pine research plantations in northern California. The studies, on an environmental gradient, contain a series of silvicultural treatments including vegetation...
During 1984, a demonstration project was established on the Crow and Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservations to determine the effectiveness of basal area cutting in second-growth ponderosa pine stands to reduce losses to the mountain pine beetle. This project will help develop management strategies for susceptible stands in eastern Montana. Four...
The spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a serious pest of Sitka spruce in Oregon. Weevils cause damage by killing the leader of a tree, resulting in defects such as crooks and forks that can render the tree unmerchantable. In this study, spruce stands 16-25 years old were surveyed for weevil...
Shore pine is a subspecies of lodgepole pine that inhabits the coastal strip in Oregon. Insect pests, diseases, and nonbiological (abiotic) factors may have an impact on growth, visual appearance, and productivity of trees. In this publication, we review the general nature of shore pine in Oregon and the common...
Mountain pine beetle infestation was detected in stands on the east side of Glacier National Park and the adjacent Blackfeet Indian Reservation in 1979. Infestation in the Park now encompasses an estimated 215,882 acres. About 200 acres are infested on the reservation. In areas sampled, number of trees killed per...
Epidemic levels of the pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia (Felder and
Felder) have been evident in ponderosa pine stands in the Bitter Root
Valley since 1969. Evaluations of this infestation were initiated in
1970 to assess overwintering egg populations at 20 locations within
the infestation (Ciesla et al. 1971). Defoliation was...
The study was conducted over approximately 191,000 acres in central Klamath County, Oregon. The research had three objectives: first, to describe and classify the seral and near-climax vegetation by using polyclimax principles; secondly, to determine the southern extension of five plant associations and one plant associes as previously described by...
Mountain pine beetle infestations in second-growth ponderosa pine have been chronic in the Little Belt and Big Snowy Mountains since 1947. In 1976, increasing numbers of attacked trees were observed. Current infestation intensity averages 82 trees per hectare. Losses are expected to continue as long as stands remain stagnates. Commercial...
Delayed tree mortality is an unpredictable occurrence when prescribed burning is implemented. Fire scorched trees may die as the result of crown scorching, stem charring, root injury, bark beetle attack, or through a combination of these factors. This study examined ponderosa pine mortality and the incidence of two bark beetle...
Biological stain (blue stain) reduces wood value and
prevents its use in many structural applications. Increasing
environmental concerns have restricted the chemicals
available for controlling this damage. As a result,
biological control has received more interest. The
application of these systems to wood has been limited due to
their inability...
Mountain pine beetle populations began building in the Kootenai National Forest in 1972. Infestations now encompass an estimated 48,599 acres of lodgepole pine type and 615 acres of ponderosa pine type. Approximately 25 percent of the high-risk stands, 17 percent of the moderate-risk, and less than 1 percent of the...
The purpose of this study was to study in some detail
host factors which influence the population dynamics of
bark beetle. The dissertation objectives were to ascertain
the applicability of utilizing osmotic pressure
values and relative turgidity values of phloem tissue as
indicators which reflect upon the physiological profile
of...
Two populations of the pine needle scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae
(Fitch), were studied. One population was located in Corvallis,
Oregon, and the other population was located near Santiam Pass,
Oregon. Both populations were feeding on Pinus contorta.
The Corvallis population was unisexual, univoltine, and over
wintered as both eggs and adult...
This study concerns factors affecting production and survival
of ascospores of Elytroderma deformans (Weir) Darker, a needle
cast of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.).
The results show that summer cooling and a reduction in host
vigor delays and diminishes the number of fertile hysterothecia
produced. Evidence is offered for classification...
This report includes information obtained in both 1983 and 1984. Beginning in 1983, only four of the original six permanent plot locations in the State would be revisited. The two in the southwestern part of the State--Centennial Valley and Madison River--were not visited because of reduced beetle populations and 111.1...
For the fourth year since their establishment, the six permanent plot locations in Montana were revisited following beetle flight in 1982.Beetle populations remained low in five of the six areas. Only in the Murr Creek plots did newly attacked trees represent an epidemic beetle population. In the Centennial Valley location,...
This PowerPoint presentation contains selected images pertaining to the topic of Southern Pine management. Viewers are welcome to use this PowerPoint or any images contained therein. The material has been assembled during much of the author’s career, so proper attribution would be appreciated when used. Simply indicate the source:
John...
A needle miner, Coleotechnites sp., defoliated approximately 3,100 acres of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws. on the Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana, during 1978. Three other small areas in the Missoula Valley were infested also. Overwintering populations of larvae are low; thus, light defoliation is expected in 1979 in presently infested...
Whitebark pine is an important reforestation species in the northern Rocky Mountains for enhancement of wildlife habitat. Production of container-grown whitebark pine seedlings at the USDA Forest Service Nursery in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho has been increasing the past several years. Diseases continue to be an important limiting factor in seedling...
Mammal and bird damage recorded on Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine plots-randomly established in Oregon and Washington during 1963-64, then observed for 5 to 10 years-was evaluated for impact on survival and growth. In all, 194 plots were installed, and 10 of the 110 seedlings on each plot were caged to...
The Bureau of Entomology has been conducting systematic and economic
investigations of the weevils infesting the bark of the trunk and
terminal shoots of conifers in the United States, the results of which will be
published in the regular technical and popular bulletins ; but since these can not be...
The series of mountain pine beetle infestations existing on the Plains/Thompson Falls Ranger District, Lob National Forest, since 1971 continued into 1988. While some infestations are waning, others are increasing. The potential for beetle-caused mortality exists in threatened, but as yet uninfested stands. Management alternatives are discussed.
White pine plantations which were established in 1968 on 88 acres of the Palouse Ranger District, Clearwater
National Forest, were treated by pruning and canker excision to remove lethal white pine blister rust cankers.
The success rate 15 months after treatment was 98 percent for pruning and 81 percent for...
Emerged beetles were first collected July 17 and peak emergence occurred between August 10 and 26, 1975. Density of attacks averaged four per 0.5 ft. 2 (0.05 m2). Parent to brood ratio was 1:4.6. Thirteen associate insects, representing six families of Coleoptera and one of Diptera, were recovered. Associates included...
Mountain pine beetle has occurred at epidemic level in lodgepole pine stands in the west Gallatin River drainage since 1969. Infestation now encompasses about 5,500 acres. Since 1969, approximately 463,212 trees, with an estimated volume of 20,529,244 board feet have been killed. Approximately 69 percent of the stands on the...
Mountain pine beetle reached epidemic levels in the Lazier-Meadow Creek drainages on mixed ownership in 1972. A total of 118,486 trees with an estimated volume of 5,666,124 board feet was killed from 1972 through 1974. Presence of overstocked, mature, nearly pure lodgepole stands, coupled with favorable weather conditions, are believed...
Mountain pine beetle populations reached epidemic levels on approximately 4,600 acres in Glacier National Park in 1972. Infested trees increased from 4.9 in 1972 to 10.9/acre in 1975. Majority of trees killed since 1972 were 12 inches d.b.h. and larger in size. Sufficient large diameter lodgepole pine exists to maintain...
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., infestation in Yellowstone National Park advanced north and eastward in 1974. New infestation centers were located along the east shore of Yellowstone Lake and south of the Promontory to the Park's southern boundary. Ground surveys indicated an average of 2.9 infested trees per...
Mountain pine beetle populations reached epidemic levels in 1972 in the Stoney Creek drainage, Ninemile District, Lolo National Forest, Montana. A total of 8,082 trees with an estimated volume loss of 34,356 board feet has occurred from 1972 to 1974. Buildup ratio was 1:1.2 from 1972 to 1973, and 1:1.8...
The mountain pine beetle infestation has been epidemic in lodgepole pine in Yellowstone National Park since 1966. Infestation boundaries have advanced steadily northward and eastward. The infestation now encompasses nearly one-half of the total Park area. Surveys indicate a decline in tree mortality the last 2 years. In 1970, an...
Pinyon-juniper woodlands throughout the western U.S. have expanded rapidly following European settlement during the late 19th century. In central and eastern Oregon, western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis Hook.) encroachment has been previously documented in the sagebrush steppe and upper elevation aspen communities. While these vegetation changes and dynamics have...
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are widely distributed throughout western North America. However, the lodgepole pine forests of central Oregon are ecologically unique to the region, with a mixed severity fire regime, low cone serotiny, and their occasional presence as a climax species. Most of the research conducted regarding the...
Published April 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published March 1968. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published November 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published December 1975. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published May 1943. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog