A benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) is an electrochemical device that
generates current from the redox gradient at the sediment-water interface. Early
prototypes had anodes buried in anoxic sediments and cathodes in overlying water.
The BMFCs described in this dissertation are based on a chamber design that enables
the use...
Field deployments, flume experiments, and a 2D wave model have been used to identify the characteristics of Clark-type oxygen microelectrodes and measurement parameters that could possibly bias eddy correlation (EC) flux measurements made under waves. Eddy correlation is a technique adapted from atmospheric sciences that couples concurrent and co-located velocity...
Anoxic sediment overlain by oxic seawater establishes a voltage gradient on the order of 0.7-0.8V across the sediment-water interface. This study follows Reimers et al. (2001) and Tender et al. (2002) who reported the development of a seafloor fuel cell to harvest electrical energy from this potential difference. Prototype fuel...
Continental shelf sediments are sinks for dissolved oxygen and sources of many major and minor nutrients required for oceanic surface primary production, resulting in a strong coupling between benthic and pelagic biogeochemical cycling. However, the influence and spatiotemporal variability of benthic remineralization on bottom-water chemistry and the supply of nutrients...
Rotating disc electrodes (RDEs) exploit the induced flushing of a radially spun electrode to increase the overall rate of analyte flux to an electrode sensing surface and its resulting signal current (i). Here initial efforts to evaluate a rotating platinum (Pt) microelectrode for efficacy as a rapid in situ dissolved...
Rates of benthic O₂ exchange are important measurements for determining organic matter remineralization, and can shed light on factors driving biogeochemical processes in coastal environments. Measurement of in situ O₂ consumption and production within permeable sediments, such as those found over ~43% of the Oregon-Washington shelf, has traditionally been done...
Continental margin sediments have been recognized as a major source of dissolved iron to the global ocean. The focus of this study was to build an early diagenetic model that can be used to simulate iron fluxes from continental margins and thereby identify key controlling factors. The model uses the...
Recent organic-rich deposits on the Peru continental margin
occur along the upper slope (100-450 m) between about ll°S and 16°S
and along the lower continental slope (>2000 m). The upper slope
deposits reflect high biological production in response to coastal
upwelling, but preservation of organic matter is enhanced by the...
Straight, radial, erosional channels and fan-like deposits of tephra develop around steep-sided cones and composite volcanoes, but are not characteristic features of shield volcanoes. The channels and deposits normally are formed by explosive volcanic density currents which originate as nuées adrentes or base surges. The physical processes of explosive volcanic...
Coastal and marine ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean are undergoing a rapid and drastic transformation. Dense human populations are concentrated in coastal areas, leading to increased coastal development, destruction of near-shore habitats, pollution, and overexploitation of marine resources. For most Latin American and Caribbean countries, the deterioration of...
The yields of 235 projectile-like and target-like fragments from the interaction of ¹³⁶Xe with a thick target of ²⁰⁸Pb at a center-of-mass energy, E[subscript cm], of 450 MeV were measured using γ-γ-γ coincidence data from Gammasphere and off-line γ-ray spectroscopy. The results give an expansive picture of the production cross...
Rates of sediment community oxygen consumption determined in situ are compared to fluxes predicted from oxygen microelectrode gradients measured in cores from ~3,750-m water depth in the eastern North Pacific. Oxygen concentrations decrease exponentially over > 1.5 cm and suggest that organic matter in the sediments is degraded most rapidly...
We made stable and rapid-responding pH and pCO2 microelectrodes. The pH microelectrode has a ~100-μm-diameter half-sphere bulb tip of pH glass, and the pCO2 sensor has a 200–300-μm-diameter silicone-membrane covered tip. Because the pH microelectrodes have electrical resistances that arc > 1O[to the tenth] ohms, all electrical connections are kept...
Copper and iron are essential micronutrients that are required by marine primary producers for a variety of metabolic processes. Over 99% of both copper and iron are bound within organic complexes in the marine environment, however the molecular identity of many of these complexes remains unknown. The speciation of these...
One of the principal drivers of climate change is the concentration of greenhouse gases such as CO2 in the atmosphere. A large portion of this CO2 ends up in the waters off the continental coasts where it transforms into biomass. The major sink for this matter is the ocean sediments...
Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) have attracted much research attention in recent years due to their promising applications in renewable energy generation, bioremediation, and wastewater treatment. In a MES, microorganisms interact with electrodes via electrons, catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions at the anode and the cathode.
The bacterial community of a...
Quantifying the mass transport through marine sediments, and the geochemical response to such flow with numerical models has become a common and powerful approach for geochemical data interpretation. In this dissertation, I developed and applied transport-reaction models to unravel complex and interdependent reactions involving carbon, sulfur and silica transformations in...
An intramolecular variant of the modified-Julia olefination was demonstrated by the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated lactones in a mild and (Z)-selective fashion. The lynchpin reagent (benzothiazol-2-sulfonyl) acetic acid was synthesized in a straightforward fashion in 86% overall yield from commercially available 2-mercaptobenzothiazole via conversion to ethyl (benzothiazol-2-ylthio)acetate by base mediated alkylation...
The 180,000 km² of Arabian lava fields (“harrats” in Arabic) form one of the largest distributed basaltic provinces in the world. Approximately 50% of these are located in Saudi Arabia. The most recent eruption in 1256 AD, as well as seismicity and ground deformation associated with shallow dike emplacement in...
Snow is a critical component of global climate regulation and provides water resources to over one billion people worldwide. Yet current measurement methods and modeling techniques lack the ability to fully capture snow characteristics such as snow water equivalent (SWE), snow depth, and density variable landscapes. In recent years, the...
Submillimeter depth distributions of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were derived from pH and PCO2 profiles measured with microelectrodes in an organic-rich, laboratory-maintained sediment. The DTC profiles were used to calculate diffusive fluxes of DIC across the sediment-water interface. In two experiments, the calculated diffusive fluxes fell within ±50% of...
A temporal record of oxygen and NO3- concentrations in the bottom water of the Santa Barbara Basin indicates that outside waters spill over into the basin seasonally. It is proposed that an annual bottom-water cycle leads ultimately to varve production.
As evidence in support of a benthic mechanism for varve...
Interest in validating the eddy covariance (EC) technique under wave-induced flows led to a series of experiments in a 104-m-long large wave flume (LWF) using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and two oxygen microelectrodes (tips ~2 mm apart) mounted on a sturdy tripod. Four additional ADVs positioned within the flume...
Whether CaCO₃ dissolves within the top centimeters of marine sediments overlaid by deep, supersaturated bottom waters remains an area of debate in geochemistry. This uncertainty stems from the fact that different methods used to assess CaCO₃ dissolution rates often provide what appear to be profoundly different results. Here we combine...
We determined pore fluid rare earth element (REE) concentrations in near-surface sediments retrieved from the continental margin off Oregon and California (USA). These sites represent shelf-to-slope settings, which lie above, within, and below the oxygen minimum zone of the Northeast Pacific. The sediments are characterized by varying degrees of net...
This thesis investigates the influence of early diagenesis on trace metal and
molybdenum isotope behavior in marine and lacustrine environments. Chapter one is a
synthesis of previous research in all the marine environments investigated, providing an
essential geochemical context for interpreting the observed behavior of Mo in these settings.
Chapter...
My work on computing complex catalyzed organic transformations reveals that only a few subtle chemical factors, e.g. non-classical hydrogen bonding, (hyper)conjugation and steric effects, common across different catalyst manifolds are critical for catalysis and selectivity. Rational manipulation and exploitation of these factors has led to improved catalyst designs, which has...
Exploring bioactive natural products has contributed largely to clinically approved drugs we have been using over the last 100 years. Especially among the anti-infective drugs, around 70% of currently used antibiotics were discovered or derived from microbial secondary metabolites, among them compounds like vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Facing the unavoidable...
The concepts of cancer and chemotherapy are not unheard of to children, but are often scary and confusing. This paper addresses the need for children’s books on difficult concepts (such as cancer), the creation of a script for a children’s book explaining chemotherapy on a cellular level, the creation of...
Aerobic oxidation is important in the cycling of methane in the sediments of Lake Washington. About half of the methane flux from depth is oxidized to CO, in the upper 0.7 cm of the sediments and the remainder escapes into the water column. In terms of the total carbon budget...
Public attention and concern about per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are increasing due to detection of PFASs in drinking water supplies, the environment, including remote locations, and wildlife and to the lowering of the federal health advisory levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in drinking water. Aqueous film-forming...
The elasticity of excess demand held by foreign buyers of United States agricultural products is critical for understanding the impacts of changes in farm policy and is a parameter that is much debated. The objective of my study is to estimate this parameter for major U.S. export crops, including wheat,...
The United States is a global leader in agricultural productivity. Much of its productivity growth can be attributed to public investments in agricultural research and development, starting in the 19th century and continuing until today. Past studies have shown high returns to agricultural research investments, but publicly funded agricultural research...
Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the market for any one good or service is linked to numerous other goods and services, and back to fundamental inputs such as...
Malaria is the world’s most important parasitic infectious disease, and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in many developing countries. In this dissertation I study the interaction of malaria and economic development at both the macro- and micro-economic levels.
In the first essay I examine the economic impact...
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Jeffrey J. Reimer
Malaria is the world’s most important parasitic infectious disease, and
During 1963 and 1964 collections were made in tributaries of
the lower Columbia River and literature was reviewed to compile a
list of fishes from that area.
Based on available sources and collections in this study, a
total of 28 families and 77 species are known from the lower Columbia...
This study was designed to provide life history information about juvenile fall Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
(Walbaum), in a small coastal river by 1) documenting the length of residence of the juveniles throughout the river, 2) exploring several factors possibly influencing their length of residence, and 3) assessing the relative...
Most oceanographic instruments on the seafloor have no connections with the surface and therefore have to run on batteries and store data until recovery. To demonstrate a developing technology, sensors and acoustic modems were powered with energy harvested from the seafloor, and data were relayed acoustically in near–real time to...
Three stations, at similar to ~80 m water depth on the Oregon shelf between 44.7 degrees N and 43.9 N, were studied under hypoxic conditions in late spring and summer of 2009 to determine benthic oxygen consumption rates. Oxygen fluxes were derived from eddy correlation (EC) measurements made from an...
Three stations, at ∼80 m water depth on the Oregon shelf between 44.7°N and 43.9 N, were studied under hypoxic conditions in late spring and summer of 2009 to determine benthic oxygen consumption rates. Oxygen fluxes were derived from eddy correlation (EC) measurements made from an autonomous lander deployed for...
Extracting benthic oxygen fluxes from eddy covariance time series measured in the presence of surface gravity waves requires careful consideration of the temporal alignment of the vertical velocity and the oxygen concentration. Using a model based on linear wave theory and measured eddy covariance data, we show that a substantial...
Extracting benthic oxygen fluxes from eddy covariance time series measured in the presence of surface gravity waves requires careful consideration of the temporal alignment of the vertical velocity and the oxygen concentration. Using a model based on linear wave theory and measured eddy covariance data, we show that a substantial...
Multicultural curriculum, as a facet of multicultural education is not a new topic in higher education. Although there are many theories that describe multicultural curriculum (Banks, 1997b; Bennett, 2007), and a multitude of ideas and suggestions for best practices, several studies show there is not overwhelming faculty support for or...
China has experienced rapid economic growth in the last twenty years, accompanied by large-scale land conversion, severe environmental degradation, and rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Designing policies for sustainable development requires a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between economic growth, land-use change, carbon sequestration and emissions in China. This dissertation...
Small manufacturing firms often serve a domestic market but would like to expand their sales overseas. It is difficult for a small firm to develop overseas contracts and relationships, however, in part because of their small size, and because the advantages of their products may not always be obvious. The...
The vast majority of U.S. farm bill spending goes to nutrition assistance, on the one hand, and farm safety net programs, on the other. Although these programs are a major part of federal government expenditures, controversial and governed by a common bill, they have rarely been quantitatively analyzed together. To...
We have developed and successfully collected data with a unique, bottom-transecting vehicle (ROVER) that permits the first long time-series measurements of sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC). This instrument has the, following capabilities: (1) it operates as an autonomous, free vehicle on the sea floor to 6,000-m depth for periods up...
Dislodged macroalgae and seagrasses, also known as marine wrack, frequently wash into coastal ecosystems from the ocean and are potentially important ecological resources for biological communities. These!nutrient and organic matter subsidies may be especially important on sandy beaches, where little in situ primary productivity exists for higher trophic levels. To...
Virtual water trade is increasingly recognized as a useful metaphor for thinking about freshwater resources in an international context. Its legitimacy in terms of economic theory has been questioned by a number of authors, however. In this article I develop new theoretical results that place the virtual water concept on...
The decomposition of marine plankton in two-chamber, seawater-filled microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has been investigated and related to resulting chemical changes, electrode potentials, current efficiencies, and microbial diversity. Six experiments were run at various discharge potentials, and a seventh served as an open-circuit control. The plankton consisted of a mixture...
Ocean deoxygenation is predicted to increase in severity over the next few decades, posing a threat to marine life and fishing economies. Improved predictions of ocean deoxygenation depend on a better understanding of the biogeochemical mechanisms that underly this process. Within the realm of biogeochemical mechanisms, this project specifically investigated...
Rhododendron species are host to many Phytophthora species and are an important crop in the nursery industry. The foliar epidemiology of twelve Phytophthora diseases on Rhododendron was studied in field and growth chamber experiments on two Rhododendron cultivars. The relative aggressiveness of Phytophthora spp. was assessed using disease incidence, severity,...
Prenatal exposure to excess androgens, testosterone in particular, has clear effects on potential ram fertility. Utilizing breeding soundness examinations in male sheep will assess the ram's potential ability to impregnate a certain number of healthy females during a defined breeding season. Identifying rams that have high breeding potential can provide...
Over the past decade, the explosion of social media has secured the Internet as a venue for political discussions of all sorts; as well as a realm of consumption and commodification. One population of women that has utilized social media in this way is the plus-sized fashion ("fatshion") community on...
My dissertation concerns two separate issues. The first issue is examined in Essay One, and the second issue is examined in Essays Two and Three.
The first essay develops an economic model of the determination of the rental rate of leased farmland in the United States. Particular attention is placed...
A supply and demand model for the sweet cherry industry in Wasco County, Oregon and two investment valuation models are used to value and assess the risk of investments in high-density sweet cherry orchard establishment and production from the producer perspective. The supply and demand estimation finds the cherry price...
Companies working on new product development of smartphones seek to adopt designs and methodologies to help them stay competitive. Due to its high cost contribution to a smartphone, optimizing display cost is an important part of a smartphone's cost reduction activity. Hence, strategically sourcing displays in the development of smartphones...
This paper seeks to assess the merits of “Vote With Your Dollar” (VWYD) strategies for consumer and investor activism as a model for changing corporate behavior. A novel framework was constructed to group VWYD strategies and campaigns under shared attributes. To assess one such group, the boycott, the research gathered...
This qualitative thesis explored the experiences of self-identified Master-level graduate students who worked four or more years in higher education before enrolling into a student affairs graduate program. The researcher utilized a sample of six semi-structured student interviews along with a review of relevant literature. The data analysis yielded five...
This study estimates the harvesters’ dynamic target fishery choice by building an empirical model incorporating dynamic quota use with the insight from a theoretical model. The harvesters’ behavior, which purposes to maximize seasonal profit under constraints of the regulations, are theoretically modeled and solved using a dynamic optimization method. The...
Malaria tends to have a negative correlation with national income per capita. Many existing studies emphasize how falling rates of malaria can enhance economic development due to the beneficial effect on human capital. This paper emphasizes that causality may also run in the opposite direction, in particular, that higher incomes—arising...
A firm's productivity is composed of two parts: pure technical change and location-specific (agglomeration) externalities. Regional productivity is thus an aggregation of productivity of firms producing similar goods and located in a given region. International trade can affect both components of regional productivity. First, trade openness in a closed economy...
Free-roaming horse (Equus caballus) management is a complex issue incorporating social, economic, emotional, political, and environmental factors. Currently, few proven field techniques exist for managing free-roaming horse population growth, which can reach 20–25% annually. Although there are several strategies available for sterilizing mares when managing free-roaming horse populations, surgical vasectomy...
Trade in staple crop commodities has become increasingly important in the global food system, with ramifications for both food security and water resources sustainability. It is thus essential to understand how the water footprint (WF) of staple crop trade may change in the future. To this end, we project international...
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Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Published June 1925. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Trade in staple crop commodities has become increasingly important in the global food system, with ramifications for both food security and water resources sustainability. It is thus essential to understand how the water footprint (WF) of staple crop trade may change in the future. To this end, we project international...
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Published September 1950. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The US airline industry is going through a period of consolidation through mergers between leading airlines. A number of recent mergers have been approved by the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ) based on the presence of Southwest Airlines in merger-affected markets. In doing so, the DOJ makes...
Technology is a key determinant of comparative advantage among nations. As information technology improves and the nations of the world become economically integrated, concern arises over the dissipation of high-income economies’ technological advantage. The three essays in this dissertation explore the trade and technology relationship, which is essential to economic...
Relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance is a key component for a developing nation. Although, in theoretical sense, depreciation of currency would result in an improvement in the trade balance, sluggish response of trade flows to changes in currency has prompted researches to look in to the...
The objective of this dissertation is to examine multi-product firms' productivity and export behavior. More specifically, this dissertation estimates productivity of firms that produce and sell multiple products, and the role of productivity in such firms' export behavior. In doing so, this dissertation develops a firm-level gravity approach to test...
Milk fever (MF), retained placenta (RP), and left displaced abomasum (LDA) are three common and costly metabolic diseases in cows during the first days of lactation. Some studies suggest that circulating concentrations of α-tocopherol (ATOC) are decreased by these three diseases. It is, however, unknown if and how long lower...
Published July 1919. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1963. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This dissertation explores two economic phenomena involving forest-dependent areas: wage distribution and migration pattern of individuals. Are forest-dependent rural areas less desirable for workers from the standpoint of labor market returns? Are different skills (e.g. education, experience) rewarded differently in these areas? If there are interregional wage differences, would that...
The ongoing climate change has impacted the lives and livelihoods of people. A climate-related disaster acts as an exogenous shock to the economy that can have lingering effects over a larger region even if all the locations are not directly affected. Climate-related disasters do not follow the administrative boundaries. So,...
This dissertation investigates the relative importance of firm-specific and
geographic characteristics for export behavior in the Chilean primary and processed
food industries. The first essay develops a new method for measuring geographic
characteristics to account for economic activity in adjacent, but separate spatial units.
In the application to the Chilean...
Extreme weather events are expected to increase globally due to climate change thereby posing substantial risks to agricultural communities. The implications are especially high for tropical countries like India as the heavy dependence of agricultural sector to uncertain monsoons makes its agriculture highly vulnerable to weather variability and extremes. In...
Many non-native weed pests of food, fiber, and nursery crops pose threats to U.S. environment and agriculture. Noxious weed regulations play an important role in preventing the introduction and spread of non-native plants, thereby protecting the local biodiversity, environment and economic activities. However, these regulations could also hamper agricultural trade....
Technological growth in agriculture increases crop output but it could lower output price in the market. Economic impact assessment in ex-ante analysis usually does not include these indirect supply responses, which can overestimate the economic potential of new technology. This dissertation provides an integrated farm-level ex-ante impact assessment model to...
This dissertation's three essays explore the determinants of food insecurity for rural farm households, the influence of rainfall variability and long-run changes in rainfall levels on the migration decisions of working-age household heads, and the distributional impacts in core and periphery regions of food assistance to households in the hinterland....
The northwestern corner of the Basin and Range Province (NWBR) lies in southeast Oregon where extensive Late Miocene, mafic to bimodal basalt-rhyolite volcanism and extensional faults dominate a stark and arid landscape. Near Lake Abert, the Late Miocene volcanic section abuts Early Miocene, dominantly intermediate composition volcanoes at the Coleman...
The predicted effects of climate change call for methods to assess the performance of agricultural systems across economic, environmental, and social dimensions over different spatial and temporal scales. For research and development to have an impact on system efficiency, potential impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies need to be...
Firms' participation in exporting or foreign direct investment is an extremely rare behavior: only 4 percent of over 5.5 million U.S. firms were exporters in 2000. Exporters are generally larger (e.g. output and employment) and more productive than firms serving only domestic markets. Such heterogeneity within a narrowly defined industry...
This dissertation is composed of two self-contained essays, which examine two
different factors that could affect human capital accumulation in a developing country.
Both essays utilize cross-sectional data from the second round (2003/04) of national level
household survey from Nepal.
In the first essay, I estimate the impact of remittances...
Management goals for restoring populations of the federally-threatened northern spotted owl currently include experimental lethal removals of barred owls from demographic study areas within the overlapping ranges of the two species to examine northern spotted owl population response. As lethal removals of a bird species are time- and cost-intensive, predictive...
Published August 1929. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published July 1927. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published February 1920. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published June 1946. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog