This study sought to fill a void in research literature supporting Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and the beneficial effects of exposure to natural, green spaces. The literature predominantly discusses studies with adult and older child participants, finding that exposure to natural environments often produces an attention-restoring effect. ART has been...
Condensers are vital components of power plants and are often one of the most major cost concerns when planning construction. Generally speaking, the surface area required to dissipate the heat generated in the boiler is so great that enormous and expensive structures are necessary. The usage of a hybrid surface...
The purpose of this dissertation was to contribute to the current understanding about identity development in young adults who experience psychosis and schizophrenia. The article in Chapter 2 Using Authentic Identity Theories to Address the Stigmatization of Young People Who Experience Psychosis and Schizophrenia examined the literature on identity development...
Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with
purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass
bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design
and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the...
Two-phase flow in a fractal-like branching microchannel heat sink may have
enhanced heat transfer capabilities over single phase flow in the same branching
channel network. In order to exploit this potential, a complete understanding
of flow boiling in this geometry is required. The fractal-like geometry is similar
to that of...
This qualitative study explores the "coming out" experience of gay males raised in conservative Christian environments. Seven men with varying ethnic and racial backgrounds, between the ages of 20 and 40 years old, participated. Each was raised in a conservative, Christian environment during his formative years and each was now...
Individual supervision is a widely accepted practice in the counseling profession, yet the tasks and focus of individual supervision in an agency setting remain largely uninvestigated. The tasks and focus areas inherent to agency supervision are especially important to counselors, counselor educators, agency administrators, and licensing boards, all of whom...
Kenyan women exhibit a pattern of unequal access and participation to education, particularly Science, Mathematics and Technology (SMT) subjects and careers. This is the result of documented challenges that include cultural attitudes that overburden girls with chores to the detriment of their school work, and a preference by parents to...
The purpose of this dissertation is twofold; to review existing literature regarding the process of international student transition to the United States and to specifically increase the understanding of the experiences of a defined international student population through an original grounded theory study. Specifically, the study describes experiences of South...
In order to combine my passion for creativity, my love for children, and my engineering background, I decided to create a very personalized thesis project. Princess Catie Goes to College is a children’s book about a young girl whose older sister leaves for college. I chose to write about this...
Childhood obesity is a nationwide concern of which rural, urban, and suburban communities must be aware in order to take action. The goal for the research project, GROW Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW HKC), is to prevent childhood obesity in rural communities through the use of participatory action research and...
Latinas in engineering face discrimination on the intersectionality of their two identities, Latinx and woman. The barriers that happen to them as an indirect effect of previous or existing institutional systems of oppression are called systemic barriers. Coming from the lens of four subjects, in a ranking of the barriers...
Rural communities face many factors that may contribute to an obesogenic
environment which include poorer food options (highly processed, low cost, and energy dense), reduced physical activity opportunities and resources, increased reliance on automobiles, and social aspects such isolation and neighborhood safety. Sub-optimal school contexts hinder students' healthy eating and...
The purpose of this dissertation study was to increase understanding of licensed mental health professionals' experiences as they have encountered and navigated through compassion fatigue (CF). CF is a complex construct with an attendant constellation of secondary stress responses. In order to examine the complex and varying factors associated with...
To investigate the viability of staging hydraulic air compressors (HACs), a model for HACs operating with a closed loop water cycle powered by a pump was made. This model was used to simulate how these HACs would respond to variable heights and mass flow ratios for both single-stage and multi-stage...
The purpose of the dissertation was to gain an understanding of variables that influence the psychosocial health of Asian American college students. There is sufficient literature support indicating this population experience greater levels of intrapersonal and interpersonal distress compared to non-Asian peers, and the significant role of family in their...
The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the developmental experience of novice play therapists. A review of the play therapy training literature as well as the counselor development literature suggested that there are characteristics such as patience, flexibility, and a love for children that are needed to work with...
Fractal-like branching microchannel flow networks have been found to improve wall temperature uniformity and decrease both pressure drop and flow power compared to arrays of straight microchannels. The present study seeks to maximize the benefits of fractal-like branching channels by means of a gradient-based optimization algorithm. The algorithm identifies the...
The purpose of this dissertation was to gain an understanding of supervision in the counseling profession, as well as an understanding of the experiences of licensure supervisors. This was accomplished through qualitative metasynthesis of the research on supervision and the completion of a grounded theory exploration of licensure supervisors' experience...
Advances in electronics fabrication, coupled with the demand for increased computing power, have driven the demand for innovative cooling solutions to dissipate waste heat generated by these devices. To meet future demands, research and development has focused on robust and stable two-phase heat transfer devices. A confined impinging jet is...
The purpose of this dissertation was to contribute to understanding teachers’ experiences as facilitators of class meetings and the supports that can affect their facilitation. Chapter 2 is the manuscript, Maximize the Benefit of Class Meetings: Facilitating the Class Meeting as a Therapeutic Group. It was a conceptual article on...
The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the experience of gifted girls transitioning from elementary school to sixth and seventh grade. The current counseling literature in this area found that gifted girls often struggle emotionally when transitioning to sixth and seventh grade. The bulk of this literature was based...
Generating Rural Options for Weight (GROW) Healthy Kids and Communities aims to prevent overweight and obesity in rural children and communities. Many characteristics of rural communities are associated with overweight and obesity in children, including environmental attributes that make it difficult for children to access and consume healthy foods and...
Changing trends within the mental health system treatment practices demand exploration of the cultural context of assessment and treatment of Black/African Americans. Culturally competent assessments include a realistic integration of historical context. Clinicians counseling Black/African Americans must be prepared to assess and address PTSD, racial trauma, micro-aggressions, and other known...
The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the experiences of Asian group leaders who were leading groups in Asia. This research was developed to address a need for exploratory research in the area of Asian group leaders' perceptions and experiences during the process of leading groups in Asia. Grounded...
It is hypothesized that increases in pressure drop due to vapor generation during boiling in microchannels can be reduced by extraction of vapor at its point of inception. Ultimately, this local vapor extraction decreases the pressure drop required to drive the flow through a fractal-like branching, microchannel flow network within...
This study traces the beginning of Oregon's State Park system from the conservation and progressive movements through 1929. It examines the roles played by the Oregon Highway Commission and Robert W. Sawyer in making the state's highways and beaches central to park planning. A profile of Samuel H. Boardman, the...
Freeze desalination poses as a potential solution to many of the issues that accompany current desalination methods. The research detailed in this manuscript involves creating and analyzing a numerical model of the freezing operation of an indirect contact freeze-melting (FM) desalination system. In this initial analysis, pure water is frozen...
An experimental study was performed in which an ammonia-water solution was desorbed within a branching fractal-like microchannel array. The solution entered in the center of a disk, and flowed out radially until discharging in to a gravity-driven separation chamber. Heat was added to the ammonia-water through a thin wall, above...
With the miniaturization of microelectronics and increase of processor speeds in the last few decades, thermal management is drastically affecting overall packaging and system capabilities. Due to the special needs introduced, research focusing on microscale cooling has increased. This study combines the positive characteristics of single- and two-phase flows in...
This dissertation consists of two qualitative grounded theory studies on the professional development process experienced by first year high school counselors during the United States’ 2020 public health and sociopolitical crises. Chapter two contains the first study which answers the research question: What is the professional development process experienced by...
Both development and post-structuralist anthropologists have
critiqued development. Development anthropologists are concerned
that development does not take adequate account of the social and
cultural factors of developing nations, while post structuralists question
the ontology of development and assert that domination over
developing nations is inherent in the concept of development....
Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated...
Athletic workout clothing is designed to help the wearer stay comfortable, cool,
and dry. There are several different styles of athletic apparel available at retailers and each individual has a preference as to what is comfortable for him or her. Comfort of clothing has traditionally been related to the fabric...
Substantial research on the functionality of athletic apparel has been conducted; however little consideration has been given to the plus size figure. Societal messages suggest that overweight women are lazy and therefore would not be interested in athletic apparel. The purpose of this study was to determine overweight adult women's...
Many White social scientists and educators are unaware of and/or
detached from the realities of racism and conduct social research that 1.)
perpetuates stereotypes, falsely setting People of Color as inferior and
White people as superior and/or 2.) explains the differences of White
people and People of Color in terms...
Nitrosomonas europaea is an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizer that has been found to cometabolize various halogenated hydrocarbons. This ability to cometabolize various compounds (many of which are considered contaminants) has caused N. europaea to be considered a potential bioremediational organism. However, ifN. europaea is to be used for bioremediation purposes, it will...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent issue that impacts individuals around the world. Mental health professionals need comprehensive and inclusive IPV training to support victims/survivors well. The IPV literature posits several concerns surrounding the quality of IPV training that counselors-in-training (CITs) receive. Obtaining an understanding in how master’s level...
The number of drones and genetic diversity among drones are
essential components to a well mated queen. Varroa destructor
preferentially parasitizes drone brood, and is thought to be
responsible for the loss of feral populations that once provided
additional drones for honey bee mating areas. It is necessary to
use...
The unsustainable use of fresh water sources and unavailability of fresh water in certain parts of the world have created a demand for water desalination systems. Desalination methods are effective at producing consumable water, but often require large scale setups, high energy consumption, and careful maintenance. A team of students...
Chronic truancy and absenteeism are two considerable issues currently facing our youth at increasing rates nationwide. Quantitative research supporting chronic truancy and absenteeism as national problems is abundant (Hendricks, Sale, Evans, McKinley, and Delozier Carter, 2010). Research indicates that students who identify as truant during the middle school grades and...
The behavior of the thin liquid film formed between a bubble and hydrophobic membrane is of high interest in applications where separating two-phase mixtures is beneficial. One such application is in-situ vapor extraction heat sinks. In these systems, high heat transfer rates are accomplished by taking advantage of the high...
The purpose of this dissertation was to contribute to understanding the client's experience of power in their therapeutic relationships with mental health professionals. The manuscript in Chapter 2, A Critical Metasynthesis of the Qualitative Research on the Client's Experience of Power in the Therapeutic Relationship, used qualitative metasynthesis to review...
The Purpose of the Study
This study was undertaken to design, implement, and assess
the effectiveness of a memory retraining program. The design
was a true experimental design with pretest/posttest control
group and randomized selection of experimental group. The
principle hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference
between...
This dissertation is organized in accordance to the Manuscript Documentation Dissertation format required by Oregon State University. Chapter 1 provides a general overview of Alzheimer’s disease, defines AD as marginalized population, and explains the relevance and characteristics of qualitative research. Also, Chapter 1 provides an overview of Manuscript 1 (Chapter...
The purpose of this dissertation is to convey research on counselors’ experience of administrative supervision. While research in counseling has given much attention to clinical supervision and the relationship between clinical supervisor and supervisee, it has not adequately attended to the important and influential role of administrative supervision and its...
Most vertebrates exhibit seasonality in many life history traits. Such seasonal rhythms are temporally organized via the transduction of environmental cues (e.g., photoperiod, temperature) into appropriate endocrine signals. However, among ectothermic vertebrates that undergo continuous winter dormancy, temperature is the only environmental cue available for synchronizing seasonal rhythms. Most intriguing...
The back thrust kick is a karate technique used primarily in a
defensive setting. This research described the kinematic
variables involved in the skilled execution of the kick. Variables
examined included movement sequencing, angular position of
the trunk, thigh and leg, angular velocity of the thigh and leg,
linear velocity...
Knowledge of post-dispersal seed fates and other regeneration characteristics is
crucial for predicting abundances and distributions of populations and, ultimately,
community species composition and diversity. Seed fate studies, however, are rare
primarily due to the difficulty of determining seed fates and causes of mortality.
This thesis investigated post-dispersal seed fates...
Objectified body consciousness (OBC) is a third-person perspective that locates an individual's body-self relationship primarily in the appearance of her/his body as an outside observer rather than in how her/his body feels or what her/his body can do. We know very little about OBC in relation to physical self variables...
The purpose of the dissertation was to gain an understanding of counselor professional identity and identity development, as well as an understanding of the experiences of doctoral students as they develop their professional identity within a nontraditional (hybrid) counselor education (CE) program. This was accomplished through systematic literature review of...
The purpose of this dissertation was to contribute to deeper understanding of how men experience support seeking. The first manuscript is located in chapter 2 and titled A Qualitative Metasynthesis of Male Client Experiences of Counseling. This metasynthesis integrates sixteen pieces of qualitative research which contain first-person accounts of male...
Over the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in the popularity of online gaming in the United States culture. There are many factors that have contributed to this spike in popularity, but the most significant are advancements in technology, televised competitions, social media, lucrative cash prizes, product...
:
______________________________________________________________________________
Deborah J. Rubel
Over the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in the popularity
The effects of varying flow rate ratio and Reynolds number on the momentum diffusion and flow development of two co-flowing, laminar streams in a rectangular microchannel are presented. The microchannel has an aspect ratio of approximately 16 with a width of 1006 μm and a height of 63 μm. A...
The purpose of this dissertation was to increase understanding of adolescent school counseling groups including a literature review of the quantitative outcome research on group work with adolescents in the schools and a qualitative exploration of the adolescent experience of cohesion in rural school counseling groups. Outcome research on group...
Counselor educators have a responsibility to serve as effective gatekeepers to the counseling profession by graduating only those counselors professionally prepared to serve the public in a myriad of counseling roles. However, despite its importance and the extant literature, gatekeeping still seems poorly understood and inconsistently applied. Although the literature...
Two-phase gas-liquid flows in microscale fractal-like branching channel flow networks were experimentally studied to assess the validity of existing void fraction correlations and flow regimes based on superficial gas and liquid velocities. Void fractions were assessed using two different methods. First, void fraction data were acquired using a High-Speed-High-Resolution (HSHR)...
The purpose of this dual-manuscript dissertation is to assess and synthesize the current body of qualitative literature on the topic of the experience of counselor trainees as participants in experiential groups. The first manuscript is presented in Chapter 2. In this study, I performed a directed content analysis on 15...
In the semiconductor industry, numerous potential occupational exposures exist as a result of the diversity of chemical and physical hazards unique to integrated circuit manufacturing. The hazards associated with maintenance tasks are challenging because the sporadic nature of the tasks make exposure monitoring difficult. In particular, vacuum pump maintenance is...
Garden-based learning (GBL) with young people has long been viewed as an educational experience capable of teaching numerous types of science content including general science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), as well as discipline specific areas such as biology, horticulture, agriculture and nutrition. However, much of the GBL literature focuses...
The ubiquitous presence of the coliform bacterium
Klebsiella in botanical environments has been demonstrated.
In this study, Klebsiella were found to multiply and
colonize growing radish plants following contamination of
seeds. All 29 cultures of Klebsiella tested from 5 different
environments were capable of growth to 10⁶-10⁷ cells/gram
of plant...
The purpose of this dissertation was to contribute to deeper understanding of how client’s experience their spirituality and religion during the therapy process. The first manuscript is located in chapter 2 and titled A Qualitative Metasynthesis of Client Experience of Addressing Spirituality and Religion in Counseling. This metasynthesis pools together...
A first generation, one-dimensional predictive model is proposed for designing heat sinks with fractal flow networks. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is analyzed as a means for validating the model and identifying areas for improvement. Two separate CFD models were developed. One was analyzed with conjugate heat transfer...
This qualitative study examined the experiences and perceptions of males aged 16 – 19 who did not complete a traditional high school diploma program because of feeling alienated from the school system. Five participants described their school experiences from elementary school through the point in high school when they decided...
Queer students in American public schools may face significant challenges including unsupportive or hostile peers or staff members (Eisenberg et al., 2017). The culture of rural Southern schools may be particularly challenging for these students as they are less likely to have an active support group and more likely to...
This set of studies delve into the complex realm of healthy sexuality within sexual addiction treatment, where diverse perspectives often lead to confusion and suboptimal outcomes. The primary goal of most treatment models is guiding clients toward a healthier sexual experience.
Sex addiction, a complex phenomenon, involves compulsive sexual behaviors,...
Suicide rates in adolescents are at an all-time high in the United States and currently the 2nd leading cause of death in adolescents ages 10-19 (CDC, 2017). School counselors have an ethical obligation to protect students from unforeseeable harm and are often on the front lines of intervening when a...
A new thermal management method for hotspots on microprocessors is under development that employs confined pool boiling with vapor extraction at pre-determined nucleation sites. Extraction is accomplished by locating a vacuum chamber constructed out of a glass tube and a hydrophobic membrane directly above a nucleation site. In order to...
In counselor education, gatekeeping is essential practice, particularly as new and learning counselors enter the field of counseling (Benshoff & Gibbons, 2011). While the expectation of gatekeeping is clear and valued in the profession of counselor education, gatekeeping is difficult for faculty (Chang & Rubel, 2019). Two intersecting factors that...
This dissertation presents two qualitative studies investigating expert trauma counselors’ experiences of clinical decision-making and countertransference. Chapter 2, Acutely Alert: A Grounded Theory of Clinical Decision-Making Processes of Expert Trauma Counselors addresses the research question, what are the clinical decision-making experiences and processes of expert trauma counselors? Chapter 3, Exploring...
The purpose of this dissertation was to add to the professional literature in counselor education and supervision through inquiry and synthesis of research among online teaching, online counseling, and online communities of practice through the supervision lens of the Discrimination Model. A unique, research-informed framework for synchronous online supervision (i.e.,...
A two-dimensional model was developed to predict concentration profiles from passive, laminar mixing of concentration layers formed in a fractal-like merging channel network. Both flat and parabolic velocity profiles were used in the model. A physical experiment was used to confirm the results of the model. Concentration profiles were acquired...
A particle image velocimetry system was established to determine flow fields in low Reynolds number flows through a branching flow network. Due to the fabrication procedure of the test device, flows were limited to a Reynolds number of 1.5 in the largest channel. Data was acquired at each channel inlet,...
A PID controller was designed to control the performance of an oil-heated fractal-like branching microchannel desorber for use in an ammonia-absorption refrigeration system. Both the amount and concentration of ammonia refrigerant generated at the desorber can be controlled by choosing the rectified circulation ratio as the controlled variable in a...
The purpose of this dissertation was to increase our understanding of novice counselors as they initially treat adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (ASCSA).
The researcher used the grounded theory approach, a qualitative method, in order to describe richly and sensitively the first interactions between counselors-in-training and ASCSA. Seven novice...
Advances in electronics fabrication, coupled with the demand for increased computing power, have driven the demand for innovative cooling solutions to dissipate waste heat generated by these devices. To meet future demands, research and development has focused on robust two-phase heat transfer devices. A confined impinging jet is explored as...
To investigate the melting stage of indirect freeze desalination three numerical models were developed. A zeroth, first, and second order analyses modeled the melting of ice around the outside of a pipe as a function of time. The zeroth order analysis assumes the system to be steady state. The first...
Droplet and spray impingement cooling are typically used in high heat flux
thermal management. In this thesis, droplet impingement and evaporation heat transfer
characteristics are determined from measured spatially- and temporally- varying fluid
and surface temperatures. Unique to this study is the documentation of the effects of
using a nanofluid...
The experience of empathy is one of the essential counselor capacities considered necessary for developing a robust therapeutic relationship. However, as the development of technology made therapeutic interaction possible in virtual settings, the experience of empathy in telemental health via videoconferencing (TMH-V) has not been researched until now. Understanding the...
Home-based counseling (HBC) occurs when counselors provide therapy services to individuals and families within the clients’ home environment. Since its inception in the 1980s, HBC has become a common practice within the counseling field. In 2014, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014) named HBC one of the fastest-growing divisions...
Gaining professional experience via internship is a pivotal career development event for college students, but research indicates that there is class disparity in the access and benefit from of internship. Career counselors on college campuses have a role in facilitating preparation and coordinating systemic supports for equitable access and benefit...
A historic struggle in the counselor education field has been determining and developing the emotional suitability of applicants and trainees for counseling work. The literature suggests that emotional suitability for counseling includes such things as: the ability to experience a full range of emotions, the ability to modulate emotions,the ability...
This dissertation presents research that investigated the experiences and
perceptions of Christian therapists who work with conservative Christian women who
experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Despite the widespread occurrence of IPV,
therapists continue to face challenges in areas of training and supervision in working with
this type of trauma. In...
Research indicates that enduring interparental conflict before, during, and after divorce has negative effects on children. Parental conflict can be reduced utilizing alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes such as mediation and collaborative divorce. The purpose of this dissertation was to produce two manuscripts examining the role of the child specialist...
In the wake of climate change, the risk of heat related illnesses has continuously increased over the past several decades. While thermal management solutions have continued to improve, there is a need for efficient cooling systems that conform with the human body. This study combines the solutions from fractal-like flow...
Mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide. The strong need for mental health services has prompted intensive global efforts to develop, evaluate, and deliver effective mental health treatment, especially for low- and middle-income countries. The counseling profession in the United States has responded to this global need...
Inpatient psychiatric hospitals are critical to delivering community-wide acute mental health care. Professional counselors hold roles as intake counselors within the system of inpatient facilities (Werrbach, 2011). While they are essential to the processes within the system, there is no known research on intake counselors and their tasks of assessment...
Counselor self and relational awareness (SRA) is an important aspect of counselor training and development. Counselor education programs engage students in a variety of practices targeted towards enhancing SRA. Although supervision is regularly used to promote SRA, there is no existing research that focuses on how supervisors experience using supervision...
approved______________________________________________________
Deborah J. Rubel
Counselor self and relational awareness (SRA) is an important aspect of
As one member of a team of three consultants, my role was to provide a perspective from the discipline of oceanography, to incorporate new dune management policies into the County's Comprehensive Plan and Zoning Ordinance, and, to function as a liaison between the citizens of
Nedonna Beach and the project...
Humans benefit from being in nature and recreating, however outdoor recreation can negatively impact wildlife, including species of conservation concern such as the Pacific marten (Martes caurina), which has been used as a focal species for demonstrating ecosystem integrity. Marten population densities decline following intensive forest management activities, but impacts...
This study investigated the relative effectiveness of
three instructional strategies on the learning of an overarm
throw among preadolescent females. Subjects were randomly
assigned to one of the following instructional strategies:
a correct model supplemented with verbal cues, a learning
model supplemented with verbal cues, and verbal cues only.
The...
Research on higher education during the period 1990 to 2013 has suggested that U.S. higher education institutions were significantly impacted by a number of global forces, including an increase in the movement of goods, information, and people across borders. During the same period, a measurable increase occurred in the number...
The purpose of this research was to examine whether or not
women's involvement in the estate planning process is dependent
upon selected demographic and situational variables. More specifically
the objectives of the study were: 1) to identify the extent
of women's involvement in the estate planning process, 2) to determine...
A unique team productivity raining program was developed and
implemented for Electro-Scientific Industries, Inc. (ESI). This program
was designed to train shop floor workers in teamwork skills and traditional
industrial engineering techniques. In this way, problem-solving
tools are available to the hourly manufacturing worker for use
in improving communications, quality,...
Global atmospheric pollution from chlorofluorocarbons has the
potential of causing significant reductions in the concentrations of
stratospheric ozone. If the production of chlorofluorocarbons were
to continue into the future at the rate prevalent in 1977, the
steady state reduction in total global ozone could be between five
percent to ten...
A parthenocarpic breeding line, Oregon T5, from
Oregon State University, was crossed with several commercial
cultivars. Progenies were studied for 2 years
as both direct-seeded plants and transplants in the
field at Corvallis, Oregon to determine the inheritance
of parthenocarpy in Oregon T5. Both quantitative
and qualitative measurements of parthenocarpy...
Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features
were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of
1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes
between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number...
The occurrence and timing of residential care of patients with dementia is
impacted by several care recipient and caregiver variables. Previous research has
shown a strong relationship among residential placement and marital status,
cognitive decline, deterioration in functional abilities, and presence of behavior
problems in the care recipient. Research on...
Humans benefit from being in nature and recreating, however outdoor recreation can negatively impact wildlife, including species of conservation concern such as the Pacific marten (Martes caurina). Densities of martens decline following intensive forest management activities, but impacts from recreation are relatively unstudied. My goal was to evaluate marten occupancy...
