In the United States, the state of housing and the lack thereof has been
declared a national crisis. In response, cities have taken measures to police behaviors
that are associated with what they perceive to be disorder and decay. These behaviors
are also commonly associated with houselessness. Laws that criminalize...
Aaron Copland is known by many as the founder of American Music and is still considered one of the pre-eminent composers to come from the Americas, particularly North America. He composed from 1917-1973, with many of his most recognizable works composed in the early 1940s. Duo for Flute and Piano...
Since the Altman Z-score was published in 1968, the Z-score has been a common way that investors predict bankruptcy and value risk. However, corporate structure has evolved since 1968 due to changes in economic factors and financial reporting standards. In 1976, the FASB created the first bright-line rules to distinguish...
Rework is a common practice in the dairy industry as a way for processors to minimize waste while recovering costs for dairy products that are unsaleable. The regulations available for reworking fluid dairy products only outline product eligibility requirements with a focus on repasteurization of the products containing rework as...
Foodborne outbreaks involving fresh produce have been on the rise since the late 1990's. Pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli are prevalent in agricultural environments and commonly travel between farms via irrigation water. The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) has placed an increased emphasis on microbiological standards of...
2020 and 2021 brought the first reported outbreaks of salmonellosis epidemiologically linked to dry bulb onions in the United States. Outbreak investigations were not able to implicate a specific source of the contamination but speculated that contaminated water was a significant contributor. The Produce Safety Rule established minimum standards for...
Pasteurization is an effective method of reducing risks associated with foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Cheese made from raw milk has a higher potential to harbor harmful bacterial pathogens. However, some cheesemakers prefer to use unpasteurized milk to preserve the natural microflora present in the raw milk and to prevent...
United States Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) guidelines for beef jerky processing support producers' ability to satisfy the performance standard requirements for achieving a 5-log reduction in Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. The first compliance guide for jerky processors was created in response to several Salmonella outbreaks...
Multiple outbreaks of foodborne illness (Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7) have been associated with tree nuts and tree nut products since the early 2000s. In response to these outbreaks and many others in fresh produce and peanut butter, Congress created and passed the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) to require...
Reports of foodborne outbreaks have increased in the last decade, posing a public health risk to consumers. In an attempt to mitigate this risk, the newly established Food Safety and Modernization Act (FSMA) takes a preventive rather than reactive approach to food safety. Under FSMA, producers are required to validate...
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of baking to reduce bacterial populations (an unknown contaminant or Salmonella) in cookie dough. Baking conditions (time and temperature parameters) were selected based on conditions commonly used in industry. The first study (Chapter 2), “Baking as Validation for Control of Coliform Counts in...
The production of Cheddar cheese is a complex process with multiple potential sources of undesirable bacteria, including those that have negative impacts on product quality (spoilage organisms) and those that are used to evaluate sanitary conditions in the production environment (indicator organisms). The dairy industry commonly uses coliform bacteria as...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections in the United Stated have been linked to consumption of raw shellfish, particularly oysters, with symptoms of headache, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting. Depuration, as a post-harvest process, has a long history of being applied in shellfish industry to reduce sewage bacteria. In order to reduce the...
Butter has long been the premium choice for producing pastries such as Danish and croissants. Its inclusion has consistently delivered characteristically light and airy crumbs with beautifully flaky crust. Once considered a delicacy, pastries have now become innocuous in our everyday lives. Once requiring a skillful hand to sculpt and...
Salmonella is a bacterium responsible for several illnesses, including typhoid fever,
paratyphoid fever, and salmonellosis. It is commonly found in animal products, including
poultry. Determination of potential reservoirs of Salmonella contamination is important
to mitigate the risk of transmission and possible outbreaks. Outbreaks can negatively
impact the livelihood of local...
Wastewater treatment plants are considered one of the main sources and reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study investigated the prevalence of 8 different phenotypes of AMR, multi-drug resistant (MDR), and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli in 17 wastewater treatment plants across Oregon in winter and summer of 2019...
Non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) are found at low levels in fresh raw milk and are important to the dairy industry because of their potential impact on the flavor and texture of yogurt, sour cream, and cheese. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three methods for the identification...
Listeria monocytogenes is the third most deadly foodborne pathogen in the United States. The young and elderly, as well as pregnant and immunocompromised people are the population most susceptible to serious illness and death from listeriosis infections.
Unlike most foodborne pathogens, L. monocytogenes does not live a solely enteric lifestyle....
Bloomy rind cheeses, including Camembert and Brie type cheeses, are highly susceptible to contamination by environmental pathogens during their manufacture and ripening. These cheeses undergo many physiochemical changes during ripening that provides these pathogens with a suitable environment to grow. One example of this change is an increase of pH...
Foodborne illness in the United States continues to be a complex and recurring issue despite our increased understanding of the pathogenic microorganisms responsible. Foodborne illness outbreaks and product recalls linked to pathogenic bacteria have been more frequent in the produce industry (e.g. fruits and vegetables) in the last ten years....
The dairy industry has indicated that milk hauling sporadically compromises milk quality, but often the reason is unknown. Milk hauling practices are an underexplored area of research, and are in need of attention because during hauling milk is most exposed to the external environment in comparison with any other step...
Given the many significant roles that bacteria play in modern food manufacturing, it is crucial that we have a fundamental understanding of how bacterial communities assemble and behave in the food manufacturing environment. The focus of this dissertation was to investigate both the spatial and temporal distributions of microbial communities...
Historically, Psychology education about disability focused narrowly on psychiatric and cognitive disabilities. Furthermore, disability tends to be viewed from the medical model, rather than the social model endorsed by disability scholars, which describes disability as primarily socially constructed. Course offerings for the Psychology departments of 98 top-ranked undergraduate programs in...
While breast milk is considered the best nourishment for newborns, they have a lowered ability to digest the fat rich liquid due to decreased lipase secretion for the first few months after birth. To offset this, breast milk itself contains Bile Salt-Stimulated Lipase (BSSL) which significantly heightens fat digestion ability....
The budding yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis has the potential to spoil fermented beverages and cause financial losses, but also contribute positively to certain products such as Lambic beer. It is most notorious for causing “Brett” spoilage of wine, which is characterized by undesirable aromas such as “bandaid” and “barnyard”, therefore most...
The growth of Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a major cause of wine spoilage due tothe production of the volatile phenols 4-ethylphenol (4-EP) and 4-ethylguaiacol (4-EG), derivatives of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. During the winemaking process,some microorganisms can impact the concentration of the 4-EP precursors pcoumaricand coutaric acid (tartaric acid-esterified p-coumaric...
Bloomy rind cheeses, including Camembert and related varieties, can he produced using alternative processes that vary based on milk preacidification, cutting, curd handling, and ripening parameters. Modification of these parameters creates distinct cheeses such as lactic curd, stabilized curd, and hybrids of the two. The objective of this study was...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections in the United States have been linked to consumption of raw oysters. Depuration has the potential to reduce contamination in live oysters after harvest. This study investigated the impact of depuration flow rate to reduce V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters. Pacific oysters (n = 35 per trial)...
Tree nuts have been implicated in a number of foodborne outbreaks and recalls in recent years linked to enteric pathogens, particularly Salmonella. Therefore, prior to distribution and marketing, it is necessary to understand the biological risks associated with the consumption of tree nuts and to find effective methods to inactivate...
Approximately ninety percent of urban Vietnamese households are connected to septic tanks, from which up to three-quarters of the sludge is reported to be dumped into waterways in residential areas. Vietnam has a considerable prevalence of antibiotic misuse and resultant antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the human microbiome. Due to the...
The consumption of seafood in the United States has increased rapidly in recent years due to high quality protein and health benefits of seafood. Seafood can be a carrier for bacteria normally distributed in the marine environment and, in some cases, can be contaminated by human pathogens. Therefore, there is...
Cheese has been produced since ancient times and continues to be an important nutrient-dense staple in many diets around the world. Cheese quality is of high importance to consumers, and it is important for cheese producers to establish process controls to prevent and control cheese spoilage. Fungal spoilage is of...
The reduction in mechanical load imparted on the body during spaceflight presents unique physiological challenges. One detrimental and seemingly unavoidable response to microgravity is rapid bone loss. This adaptation is hazardous not only to astronaut health, but to the success of long-duration exploration-class missions. Skeletal adaptation to spaceflight in astronauts...
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen capable of producing enterotoxins causing staphylococcal food poisoning, one of the most economically important foodborne diseases in the U.S. This pathogen may be introduced to pre-cooked tuna meat used for the production of canned tuna because significant manual handling occurs after cooking of the...
Whey protein’s potential for bioactivity is well documented, but there is disagreement on the extent to which it may modulate the immune system towards decreased inflammation. Decreased inflammation is generally perceived as a beneficial bioactivity in foods as excessive chronic inflammation is linked to morbidity and mortality.
This thesis first...
The concept of terroir is commonly used as marketing tool to highlight unique characteristics of regional food products, however there is little scientific evidence of terroir pertaining to cheese. The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential impact of milk origin, pasteurization, and commingling on the sensorial, chemical,...
Metabolic improvements and changes in gene expression were measured in mice fed polyphenol-rich extracts derived from apples and sweet cherries, and the common phytochemicals, quercetin and ellagic acid. Polyphenol-rich extracts were produced by solid phase extraction and column chromatography. Extracts and purified compounds were mixed into a high-fat (HF, 60%...
It is estimated that for every 1 kg of cheese produced, approximately 9 kg of whey is created. For smaller producers something needs to be done to keep it out of water ways and potentially to valorize it. However, access to efficient secondary whey processing to isolate protein and lactose...
Whey protein is a functional food comprised of numerous bioactive peptides and proteins, including glycomacropeptide (GMP), a hydrophilic casein peptide that separates with the whey fraction during cheesemaking. GMP has a unique amino acid composition, making it a viable nutritional therapy in disorders where certain amino acids are implicated, while...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses associated with seafood consumption. Consuming raw or undercooked seafood contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus can result in development of acute gastroenteritis with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping and watery diarrhea within 24 hours of infection. Illness is usually self-limited and lasts...
Corals provide a diversity of ecosystem services, are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth, and directly support ~500 million people globally; however, corals are increasingly experiencing significant threats and are undergoing severe bleaching events as the result of the warming climate. Using a two-year data set surrounding a...
C. perfringens type A isolates are the causative agents of C. perfringens type A food poisoning (FP) and non-food-borne (NFB) human gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect of essential oil constituents (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and carvacrol) against C. perfringens FP and NFB isolates grown...
Whey protein isolate (WPI) and glycomacropeptide (GMP) have shown potential immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated their effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion using both in vitro and in vivo models. In LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages, digested WPI and GMP reduced cytokine expression, while whole GMP increased secretion. The in human...
Objective: To describe associations between self-reported general health status, chronic conditions, and use of supplements containing botanicals (SCB) and describe reasons for use among U.S. adult supplement users.
Design: Cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Information on self-reported dietary supplement use and...
Kappa-casein glycomacropeptide (CMP), a 64-amino-acid peptide, is released from kappa-casein after rennet treatment and is one of the major peptides in whey protein isolate (WPI). CMP has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. CMP has two major amino acid sequences with different modifications including glycosylation, phosphorylation and oxidation. However, no previous work...
Background: Alcohol is a nonessential nutrient widely consumed throughout the world. Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with numerous adverse skeletal effects. However, prior to this study, the effects of alcohol abuse on intracortical bone remodeling in an animal model had not been investigated. Reduced intracortical bone remodeling could impair repair...
Hauling is a critical part of the commercial milk supply chain, yet very few studies have aimed to understand its impact on raw milk quality. Consolidation of the American milk industry has led to the use of tanker trucks for up to 24 h between cleanings, which is the maximum...
Climate change is causing people around the world to experience extreme temperature and air pollution events such as wildfires more frequently, and for longer periods of time. Extreme heat events have been widely associated with an increased risk of emergency room visits, occupational heat-related injuries and illnesses, and mortality overall...
Conventional wastewater treatment facilities using activated sludge, secondary clarifiers, and chlorine disinfection comprise a large portion of urban wastewater treatment practices in the United States. While highly adept at removing chemical, physical, and numerous biological contaminants, these treatment methods are ineffective at removing contaminants of emerging concern, such as antibiotics...
Blackberries, genus Rubus, are an important Oregon agricultural commodity. In their fresh and processed forms, they offer many health benefits and may be able to help Americans better achieve fruit consumption recommendations because of convenience and pleasant sensory qualities. However, the susceptibility of blackberry products to contamination with bacterial pathogens...
Assessing the ecological importance of clouds has substantial implications for our basic understanding of ecosystems
and for predicting how they will respond to a changing climate. This study was conducted in a coastal Bishop pine
forest ecosystem that experiences regular cycles of stratus cloud cover and inundation in summer. Our...
Reproductively and geographically isolated populations of predators may be synchronized by a phenomenon known as the Moran effect—specifically if they exhibit common responses to external processes, such as climate, density dependence (parasites, disease), or prey. Prey has the ability to synchronize predators if geographically isolated predator populations target the same...
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,1,*,† M. E. Dahlheim,2,* J. M. Waite,2 C. K. Emmons,1
K. N. Marshall,1 B. E. Chasco,3 and K. C
Reproductively and geographically isolated populations of predators may be synchronized by a phenomenon known as the Moran effect—specifically if they exhibit common responses to external processes, such as climate, density dependence (parasites, disease), or prey. Prey has the ability to synchronize predators if geographically isolated predator populations target the same...
Reproductively and geographically isolated populations of predators may be synchronized by a phenomenon known as the Moran effect—specifically if they exhibit common responses to external processes, such as climate, density dependence (parasites, disease), or prey. Prey has the ability to synchronize predators if geographically isolated predator populations target the same...
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen frequently associated with food processing environments. Its presence is particularly concerning in facilities handling minimally processed and ready-to-eat foods. Recent outbreaks associated with fresh produce, such as packaged salads and mushrooms, highlight the need to better understand and control these pathogens in environments that...
Soft matter encapsulates a large array of materials ranging from electronics, plastics, and cosmetics to the biofluids making up all organisms. One of the most important properties of these materials that dictate their functionality is their rheology, which is the flow and deformation behavior in response to stress. The focus...
Clostridium perfringens type A strains are one of the main causative agents of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in human and can cause both food poisoning (FP) and non-food-borne (NFB) diseases. Several factors contribute to the pathogenesis of C. perfringens type A strains including the wide presence of C. perfringens spores with...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with consumption of seafood, particularly raw oysters. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that 45,000 cases of V. parahaemolyticus infection occur each year in the U.S. A recent CDC report revealed that the incidence of...
Production of fresh produce takes place outdoors, and therefore, is exposed to many routes of contamination (e.g., soil, contaminated water, manure, etc.) by human pathogens. Although precautions are taken to reduce this risk, pathogens can be regularly introduced to produce handling facilities. To manage the risk of cross-contamination from potentially...
Mold growth on cheddar-style cheese, though not a food safety issue, causes significant loss to the industry due to consumer rejection. For this reason, it is common for at-risk products, such as cheese shreds, to be coated with the mold inhibitor natamycin. While highly effective at extending shelf-life, preferences for...
Kombucha is a traditional fermented beverage that has become increasingly popular in the United States due to its perceived health benefits and unique flavor profiles. The drivers of kombucha flavor have not been fully characterized, at least in part because it is produced using a complex microbial community, leading to...
Microscale reactors operate in sub millimeter space dimensions. Their small length scale enables process intensification of mass, heat and momentum transport that influence reaction rates. Hence it's possible to observe the true intrinsic reaction kinetics occurring for a set of reactions. In this work a novel microscale reactor for producing...
The extent of agricultural drainage has created concern for its potential undesirable effects on surface water quality. Land applications of liquid manure on tile drain fields have the potential to transport solutes and bacteria to the drains following precipitation or irrigation events and many times are directly sent to a...
High counts of fecal indicators, used to signal the potential presence of pathogens associated with untreated waste, result in the classification of water bodies throughout the United States as impaired. Nonpoint sources of unknown origin that contribute to fecal contamination make management of impaired waters challenging, as they are difficult...
Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) affect over 1.9 billion adults and 12.7 million youth in the US. If all of today’s obese American youth become obese adults, the total societal costs over their lifetime may exceed $1.1 trillion. We show that feeding rodents a high-fat diet supplemented with xanthohumol (XN)...
Uranium adsorption to Hanford sediment was studied for various pH, total inorganic carbon concentrations, and total U(VI) concentrations. Both batch and transport studies were done in an attempt to understand the adsorptive trend of U(VI) on Hanford sediment, and the changes in adsorption as both pH and total inorganic carbon...
This investigation was motivated by the introduction of the new
nearest neighbour analyses which reportedly provided a better control
of soil gradients than conventional experimental methods.
Three nearest neighbour analyses and six other analyses were
compared with the completely randomized design or the randomized
complete block design in reducing the...
Sheep and cattle dietary preferences were determined on tall fescue-subclover ( Festuca arundinacea-Trifolium subterraneum) and
perennial ryegrass-subclover (Lolium perenne-Trifoliuni subterraneum)
pastures in western Oregon during the spring and summer periods
of 1964 and 1965. Esophageal-fistulated Willamette ewes and
Hereford and Hereford-Angus yearling cattle were grazed separately
on each pasture mixture...
Portions of Yellowstone Lake sit on top of a vigorous but not well understood hydrothermal system situated in a region of intense geologic and environmental forcings. A heat flow study conducted over the Stevenson Island Vent Field (SIVF), a vent field at the bottom of Yellowstone Lake underlain by an...
This thesis develops a geology training manual for the Interpretation staff of Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve (CRMO) in southern Idaho. The manual will help the staff convey geologic principles to park visitors who are experiencing a landscape formed by volcanic processes. Basic geology and the most...
The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus: hereafter; sage-grouse) population in Modoc County California is geographically isolated and has been subsidized by translocation to prevent inbreeding depression since 2005. Despite significant efforts to increase the population through translocations and habitat improvement by cutting encroaching western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), only a single lek...
Climate change impacts everyone’s food and water security. Increasing global temperatures accelerate the hydrologic cycle and consequently impact the water resources for billions of people worldwide. Countless models have been developed to represent various components of the hydrologic cycle at various spatial and temporal scales. These are often validated against...
Globally, the number of threatened species is increasing and conserving them is a high priority to the scientific community. Assessing the status of these protected species is challenging due to missing, contested, and or contradictory data streams. Integrated models (IMs) provide a statistical framework for combining disparate data sources to...
The structure of food webs and how they relate to community stability has been an important debate in ecology. Specifically, predictability of web shape and how it influenced by surrounding landscapes is one of the main goals of such discussions. Headwater streams provide a study template that is of interest...
It is desirable for complex engineered systems to perform missions efficiently and economically, even when these missions' complex, variable, long-term operational profiles make it likely for hazards to arise. It is thus important to design these systems to be resilient so that they will actively prevent and recover from hazards...
Fault zones are potential paths for release of radioactive nuclides from radioactive-waste
repositories in granitic rock. This research considers detailed maps of en echelon fault zones
at two sites in southern Sweden, as a basis for analyses of how their internal geometry can
influence groundwater flow and transport of radioactive...
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(Vagverket) and the Swedish police for
permission to map along the E-1 8 motorway at the Ekolsund site.
I
Nanoparticles (NPs), defined by their size (1-100 nm), are increasingly incorporated into commercial and industrial products due to their high surface area and unique properties. They can be designed for specific applications by manipulating composition, size, shape, and surface functionalization. As NP production and complexity increases, there is a need...
Energetic resources transferred between distinct habitats or ecosystems, referred to as allochthonous resources, can greatly subsidize consumers in the recipient habitat, and thus influence food web structure and dynamics. Such subsidies may allow the growth of the consumer population to be decoupled from in situ productivity with effects on consumer...
The HAPEX-MOBILHY regional experiment provided an significant opportunity to analyze
the partition of energy and distribution of water over land surfaces. The combination of
remotely sensed data and ground instrument networks over the large-scale in situ experiment
allowed investigation of spatial and temporal variation of such hydrologic parameters as the...
The natural production of methane via anaerobic digestion (AD) is facilitated by a complex community of microorganisms, primarily bacteria and archaea, referred to as the AD microbiome. AD is growing in prominence as a solution to the disposal of food waste, sewage sludge, and the organic fraction of municipal solid...
In 1746, Dr John Buchanan, a recently retired medical officer in the British Army, produced a manuscript, 'Regimental Practice, or a Short History of Diseases common to His Majesties own Royal Regiment of Horse Guards when abroad (Commonly called the Blews).' Revised almost until the time of Buchanan's death in...
Creating intelligent robotics is at the cutting edge of technology. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are of particular interest for surveillance applications. UAVs have the potential to provide quick and cheap aerial data that would be difficult to obtain by conventional means. UAVs also have the ability to navigate without being...
In response to the growing preference for the small family, this study was carried cut to acquire information about women who expect zero, one, or two children. The purposes of the study were: to identify the cultural and socioeconomic characteristics of these women; and to determine which of these characteristics...
A series of trials involving Coturnix quail, turkey and chicken
eggs was conducted to determine the effects on hatching performance
of varying amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide during storage in
plastic bags filled with nitrogen or air. Storage periods of 6 and 13
days were studied in tests involving...