Vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to various aquatic niches and is the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease
cholera. The persistence of V. cholerae in natural habitats is a crucial factor in the epidemiology of cholera. In contrast to the
well-studied V. cholerae-chitin connection, scarce information is available about the...
Full Text:
ΔvchC 16961 were grown with aeration in LB broth at 37 °C for 16-18 h. Bacterial
cells were
Vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to various aquatic niches and is the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease
cholera. The persistence of V. cholerae in natural habitats is a crucial factor in the epidemiology of cholera. In contrast to the
well-studied V. cholerae-chitin connection, scarce information is available about the...
Full Text:
. C., Withey, J. H., & Sikora,
A. E. (2015). A metalloprotease secreted by the Type II Secretion
Vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to various aquatic niches and is the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease
cholera. The persistence of V. cholerae in natural habitats is a crucial factor in the epidemiology of cholera. In contrast to the
well-studied V. cholerae-chitin connection, scarce information is available about the...
Raising rabbits is fun. At the same time, a 4-H Rabbit Project can provide an important source of food for the family. Rabbits do not require fancy or expensive equipment. Rabbits can be confined to hutches.
As you work with your rabbits you will find something different is always happening....
Revised January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised January 1996. Reprinted July 2000 (with author information updated). Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
4-H advancement programs consist of a series of steps that provide a framework for progressive learning within a specific project area. Advancement programs encourage 4-H members to learn at their own speed based on their interests and abilities. Advancement programs are self-paced, and age- and skill-level appropriate. Advancement programs can...
The effects of forest cutting on forested systems and the biotic components of those systems has been at the forefront of scientific research. The inventory and monitoring of biodiversity is one technique used for measuring the effects of forest management. Because bioinventory studies are expensive, indicator species are often sought...
Resistance to moisture uptake is an important attribute of some wood preservatives and can help reduce moisture cycling that leads to the development of deep checks. While the potential for preservative treatments to help improve wood/moisture interactions is acknowledged, there are no tests that specifically evaluate this performance parameter. Checking...
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The recent colonization of Oregon by an exotic, intentionally introduced coccinellid, Harmonia axyridis, was the basis for lab and field research into lady
beetle developmental biology and community composition. Harmonia axyridis was the dominant coccinellid in an arboreal habitat, and comprised over 70% of all lady beetles, and 82% of...
Since around 1923 Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl.) has been affected by Phytophthora root disease caused by the virulent introduced pathogen Phytophthora lateralis. A systematic resistance testing and breeding program located at the USDA Forest Service Dorena Genetic Resource Center in Cottage Grove, Oregon was initiated in 1997 with...
Revised July 1989. Reprinted July 1988. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1983. Reprinted October 2007. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Knowledge of wave conditions in nearshore regions supports the development of
ocean wave energy technology by providing wave climatology for device design
considerations, and power output estimates. By modeling wave transformation
over the continental shelf, wave conditions were predicted in nearshore regions
where potential wave energy conversion sites are located....
The reliability and sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) in the detection of ilarvirus (isometric labile ringspot
virus) subgroup B and prune dwarf virus (PDV) isolates in Prunus and
Malus species has been well established. To use this technique in
large scale virus indexing programs more information was required on...
The parameters of separable coupled channels s-wave potentials for the strong
KN interaction are determined from low energy K⁻p scattering data with
additional constraints from π⁻p π∑K° production data. The shifts and
widths of the Coulomb bound states in kaonic hydrogen are calculated with
these potentials and compared with experiment....
Public policy structured to treat "market failures" related to
land use (through restructuring property rights) must be evaluated in
terms of its potential impacts not only upon social efficiency, but also
upon the distributions of wealth and income associated with real
estate ownership. Analyses of basic relationships between forms of...
Numerical results are presented using a higher-order pseudo-spectral method in order to solve the Zakharov-Craig-Sulem formulation of the Euler model. We study the effects of variable bathymetry on weakly-dispersive, weakly-nonlinear, shallow water waves. Improved predictions on wave amplitude and shoaling behavior are developed by analytical means in the context of...
Local property-owning residents maintain high levels of interest
and awareness regarding a neighboring natural resource complex.
Factors, however, such as proximity, personal interests, use patterns
and economic considerations cause local inhabitants to have an
inaccurate perception of the natural resource complex. The nature
of local resident perception can be analyzed...
Concurrent Task Management (CTM) is the process by which human operators of complex systems (such as pilots, drivers, surgeons, and operators) allocate their attention among multiple concurrent tasks (Funk, 1991). A more thorough understanding of the human operator's knowledge, skills, and
abilities associated with CTM might help us to prevent...
The Oregon Coast Range contains large acreages of nonstocked
high site land. With the increasing demand for wood products, more
attention is being given to the problems of reforesting these lands.
This study develops financial guidelines to the reforestation
of nonstocked high site lands. A number of possible owner constraints...
Stream discharge is a key water balance component and important factor in global change evaluations. Nevertheless, the mechanisms for streamflow generation are poorly understood. Near- stream surface saturation during precipitation events is one of the most iconic, visible indicators of rapid runoff production in upland humid catchments around the world....
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Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Stream discharge is a key water balance component and important factor in
This publication is adapted from 4-H Beef Project, originally prepared by Dean Frischknecht, Extension animal scientist emeritus; Guy Reynolds, Extension veterinarian emeritus; and Duane P. Johnson, Extension specialist, 4-H and Youth Development.
Portions of the fitting and showing section are reproduced with the permission of the Angus Joumai, 3201 Frederick,...
The purpose of this research was to measure the copper-binding behavior of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) contained in Pulp and Paper (P&P) wastewater effluent and evaluate the Biotic Ligand Model’s (BLM) ability to quantify copper speciation in P&P influenced waters. A copper ion selective electrode was used to measure copper...
While the heartwood of many wood species exhibits excellent resistance to fungal and insect attack, this resistance is sometimes diminished in second-growth material of the same species. The reasons for the reduced durability are unclear, but they may reflect a combination of both higher proportions of sapwood as well as...
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Jeffrey J.Morrell
While the heartwood of many wood species exhibits excellent resistance
Heavy metals, such as copper, zinc, and cadmium, are ubiquitous in stormwater and potentially toxic to aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Removal of heavy metals contamination by conventional treatment is expensive and does not always reduce metals concentrations low enough to ensure safety of all aquatic species. This research seeks...
Treating durable, second-growth or plantation-grown material with supplemental chemicals could improve durability while enhancing the uniformity of the products. To test this hypothesis, the effect of two candidate biocide treatments on the durability of teak, redwood, and western redcedar was assessed in a ground proximity field test established in Hawaii....
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Jeffrey J. Morrell
Natural durability is generally lower in wood coming from second-growth
Malaria is the world’s most important parasitic infectious disease, and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in many developing countries. In this dissertation I study the interaction of malaria and economic development at both the macro- and micro-economic levels.
In the first essay I examine the economic impact...
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Jeffrey J. Reimer
Malaria is the world’s most important parasitic infectious disease, and
In order to better predict the aggregation state of nanomaterials, the factors that influence aggregation must be understood. The combined effects of natural and engineered coatings have been shown to factor into nanoparticle aggregation behavior in preliminary research. In this study, aggregation behaviors of gold nanoparticles with two different engineered...
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of back and seat rest inclination on the
kinematics of manual hand-rim wheelchair propulsion in subjects with spastic type cerebral palsy.
Subjects ranged in age from nine to twenty-one and were classified as USCPAA Class III or IV functional
ability....
Cell motility and invasion are important for development, immunity, wound healing, and tumor cell metastasis. Cells on two dimensional substrates migrate in three steps: protrusion of the front end, translocation of the cell body, and retraction of the rear end. For cells to migrate efficiently, these steps need to be...
Reported here is an investigation to determine if azinphos-methyl (AZM), an
organophosphate insecticide, adducts to hemoglobin, and if so, whether the
hemoglobin adduct could be used as a quantitative marker of occupational AZM
exposure. We hypothesized that AZM, or a metabolite of AZM, binds to hemoglobin
in erythrocytes forming an...
Recent studies have discovered that salmon, specifically juvenile Coho Salmon, have their olfactory senses inhibited by the presence of low concentrations of copper concentrations at very low concentrations. Much of this copper is deposited on roadways by car brake pads during their use. The copper is carried with stormwater into...
Glioblastoma, which occurs in adults primarily between ages of 40 to 70 years and accounts for 15% of all brain tumors, is a devastating diagnosis with a median survival rate of less than a year. Invasiveness of glioblastoma cells significantly reduces the effectiveness of current treatments, highlighting the importance of...
Recent studies have found that equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability may be influencing tropical Indian Ocean climate (Kucharski 2009, Wang 2009). Due to the economic and social impact of tropical cyclones, it is important to investigate how an Atlantic-Indian Ocean connection may be affecting tropical cyclone behavior in...
Due to its frequent use in agriculture and its frequent detection in surface water,
atrazine was chosen as a model compound to study the treatment capability of a surface flow wetland used to remediate irrigation runoff at a container nursery near Portland, Oregon. Further evaluation of treatment of atrazine was...
The production of the fullerene C60 and its emerging applications in consumer
products imply its ultimate release to the environment. Due to the molecule’s relative
novelty, the aqueous characteristics of C60 have not been fully assessed, though it may
potentially harm human or ecological health. C60 is highly insoluble in...
Untreated wood is inherently hygroscopic and moisture content variations can have substantial effects on dimensional stability leading to the development of deep surface checks that further enhance moisture uptake and ultimately encourage deterioration. The horizontal exposure of wood crossties makes water repellency and dimensional stability particularly important in railroad applications....
The dominant controls on flow generation in steep, forested hillslopes are poorly understood. This dissertation examined the dominant flow processes operating at the hillslope scale, using a combined macroscale measurement and model development and analysis framework. Irrigation experiments at two steep forested hillslopes were conducted to isolate individual hillslope flow...
Relationships between myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content and
eccentric-induced damage were investigated in chemically skinned muscle fiber
segments. Fibers were subjected to an eccentric contraction standardized for strain
magnitude (0.25 fiber length) and velocity (0.50 maximal shortening velocity).
Fiber MHC isoform content was identified by SDS-PAGE. Pre- to post-eccentric...
The adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) to the surfaces of natural colloids
and engineered nanoparticles is known to strongly influence, and in some cases control,
their surface properties and aggregation behavior. As a result, the understanding of
nanoparticle fate, transport and toxicity in natural systems must include a fundamental...
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Jeffrey A. Nason
The adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) to the surfaces of
When a student participates in a service break trip, a process called reorientation occurs after the trip is over, when the student is trying to connect what they’ve learned on the trip to their normal lives. The objective of this project was to explore the concepts of volunteerism, community service,...
The elasticity of excess demand held by foreign buyers of United States agricultural products is critical for understanding the impacts of changes in farm policy and is a parameter that is much debated. The objective of my study is to estimate this parameter for major U.S. export crops, including wheat,...
Fungi are the primary biological agents of wood deterioration and cause major economic losses of wood products globally. Wood in outdoor applications tends to remain wet for extended time periods, making it susceptible to fungal attack. Understanding the factors involved in fungal colonization of wood is important for developing improved...
The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the effect of reference
displacement on wall behavior under fully reversed cyclic loading using the
CUREE test protocol and (2) to assess damage accumulation (visible fastener
damage and stiffness degradation) for the imposed drift levels. All tests were
conducted on identical...
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is an iconic North American high-elevation tree species currently threatened by climate change, mountain pine beetle, and white pine blister rust (WPBR), a lethal disease caused by the non-native fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola. In collaboration with the USDA Forest Service Dorena Genetic Resource Center, germplasm was...
There is no information available on water management of birdsfoot
trefoil grown for seed. Information is also not available describing how to
minimize seed losses due to shattering in order to obtain consistently high
birdsfoot trefoil seed yields. The objectives of this research are to: (i) quantify
crop water use,...
Welcome to the 4-H Sheep Project. You are joining an industry that returns millions of dollars to farmers each year, and caring for one of the oldest domesticated farm animals. Wool has been used for clothing since the days of the earlier settlers, and flocks of sheep have supplied both...
Wood plays a key role in modern electrical infrastructure; crossarms and power poles utilize the high strength to weight ratio, availability and low cost of wood to facilitate the access of power to millions of Americans. However, wood presents a variety of challenges as a material. In structural applications, one...
Degradation of lignin to simpler compounds is desirable for removing residual lignin during paper manufacture and accessing biomass carbohydrates for biofuel production, among other purposes. Lignin transformation using enzymes found in white rot fungi, some of nature's most efficient lignin-degrading organisms, offers a more environmentally benign, selective, and possibly less...
The cockpit is an environment in which many important tasks simultaneously
compete for pilot attention. Cockpit Task Management (CTM) is the process by
which pilots selectively attend to flight tasks in such a way as to safely and
effectively complete a flight. CTM has been categorized as a mental function...
Described herein is the synthesis of an uncharged stereoregular oligonucleotide
analog consisting of cytosine bases linked at specific intervals to a polyamide backbone
derived from (L)-glutamic acid. Preparation of this analog entailed borane reduction of
(L)- pyroglutamic acid to give optically pure lactam alcohol 9. Tosylation and alkylation
with cytosine...
During the summers of 1975 and 1976 a sedimentation study
was conducted in the Bear Creek watershed, located in the southeastern
corner of Crook County, in central Oregon. The Rocky
Mountain infiltrometer was used to simulate high intensity rainfall
over 468 sedimentation plots. Rainfall and runoff were measured
and a...
Defensive chemical and nutritive quality of young leaves were measured for 72 individual trees of Chrysolepis [Castanopsis] chrysophylla in conjunction with light intensities of two different stand types and population numbers of Habrodais grunus herri in the Cascade mountains of Oregon. Leaves were collected in the spring and leaf characteristics...
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the validity and
reliability of the Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester (NMMT), a portable
dynamometer, as a measure of the isometric strength in women with arthritis.
Female subjects (N=13; 66 ± 13.89 yrs.) with arthritis were tested for
isometric muscle strength on the...
The potential of 9 bacterial and 6 fungal isolates to
protect wood against wood staining microorganisms was
studied using small sapwood samples of unseasoned Ponderosa
pine [Pinus ponderosa Laws] sapwood. Bacillus subtilis Cohn,
isolate 733 A , Gliocladium virens J.H. Miller, J.E. Giddens
& A.A. Foster isolate H 3 and...
The Oregon Forestry Fact Sheets are designed for the leader as tools to support the group experience. Leaders are encouraged to make copies for their members.
Oregon is a wonderful state. Forested land is found in every region. It's good to know about the types of plants and land use that dominate your home state. The goals of the Oregon 4-H Forestry Project are to give factual, science-based information about forests and to give you a...
Muscle weakness and fatigue are debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Approximately 50% of muscle weakness and fatigue have been attributed to deficits within the peripheral nervous system, specifically mechanisms residing in the muscle. The goals of this study were to identify the cellular mechanisms of contraction within the muscle...
Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville was selected for
rapid development through five generations at four constant
temperatures (18, 22, 26, and 30°C). Two levels of selection
were used: intense and moderate. Differences in developmental
rate, survivorship, live adult weight, aphid consumption,
adult longevity, and fecundity were measured for both groups
and an...
Revised January 2005. Reprinted July 2005. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
A biological inventory of the butterflies of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest [HJA] in Linn/Lane County, Oregon was conducted during 1994 and 1995. It was the first comprehensive survey of HJA butterflies for the site and serves as a baseline for future butterfly research. A detailed ecological account is...
As DNA sequencing technologies continue to advance, resulting in increased throughput and decreased costs, both the number of researchers utilizing these technologies and the quantity of data outputted by a single sequencing experiment will, likewise, continue to increase. Currently, DNA sequence data can be generated at a much faster rate...
Verticicladiella wageneri Kendrick is a vascular wilt
pathogen of conifers, causing a black staining of
colonized sapwood of roots and lower stem. In Douglas-fir,
V. wageneri is intimately associated with insects.
Hylastes nigrinus, Pissodes fasciatus, and Steremnuis
carinatus are commonly associated with diseased hosts,
carry inoculum of V. wageneri in...
Pseudomonas syringae are plant pathogenic bacteria that cause disease by rapidly multiplying within the aboveground tissues of host plants. Growth of P. syringae within plant host tissues requires the disarmament of host immune defenses that limit microbial growth. To combat host defenses, P. syringae deploys a type III secretion system...
We hypothesized that calpain activity is elevated in response to muscle damage. To test this hypothesis, we examined the degradation of α-fodrin into its 150 and 145 kDa fragments following either 20 eccentric or isometric contractions. In addition, experiments were performed in the presence or absence of E-64-d, a calpain...
Moisture intrusion in residential structures can lead to substantial fungal decay and this damage costs billions in repair/replacement costs. The extent of damage and the rate at which it occurs are primarily dependent on the wood moisture content and temperature in the structure. Determining the risk of decay for various...
Ecological relationships between D. coccinellae and its coccinellid hosts were examined in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, in 1982. The distribution and relative abundance of seven species of coccinellids from eight collecting sites were monitored to determine percent parasitism by D. coccinellae on a spatial and temporal basis. Host size and...
The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence of construct validity for self-report with assistance from a secondary source as a measure of physical activity (PA) in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) in free-living environments. Thirty-seven participants (21 females, 16 males) with mild to moderate ID aged 19-74...
It has been previously suggested that the walking pattern of individuals with Down syndrome is inefficient. This is thought to result from increased instability, particularly in the medio-lateral direction, due to the characteristic joint laxity and muscle hypotonia of individuals with DS. Therefore, this work was an attempt to gain...
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Jeffrey A. McCubbin
It has been previously suggested that the walking pattern of
The etiology and transmission of bacterial diarrheal pathogens is complex, making evaluating the association between extreme climate and diarrheal illnesses in North America challenging. Changes in climate may impact the survival, reproduction, and distribution of pathogens that cause diarrheal illness. Evidence supports the hypothesis that reproduction, survival, and transmission ability...
Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are manufactured at the greatest rate of any class of nanomaterial due to their wide variety of industrial, commercial, and environmental applications. The sustainable use of MONPs requires a balance of careful consideration of their potential negative environmental impacts with the effective exploitation of their unique...
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Jeffrey A. Nason
Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are manufactured at the greatest rate of
The relative role of cospeciation and host switching in the phylogenetic history of
ascomycete foliar symbionts is addressed in the orders Leotiales and Rhytismatales, fungi
associated predominantly with Pinaceae (Coniferales). Emphasis is placed on comparing
the evolution of the sister genera Pseudotsuga and Larix (Pinaceae) with that of the
pathogenic...
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are small anthropogenic colloids with at least one length dimension <100 nanometers. Due to the nature of their use, ENMs are being increasingly released to the environment. Yet the environmental risks posed by ENMs are unknown due to a variety challenges, including limitations with detecting and quantifying...
This dissertation integrates a process-based hydrological investigation with an
ongoing paired-catchment study to better understand how forest harvest impacts
catchment function at multiple scales. We do this by addressing fundamental questions
related to the stocks, flows and transit times of water. Isotope tracers are used within a
top-down catchment intercomparison...
Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii and white alder,
Alnus rhombifolia, species that are prevalent in the
Pacific Northwest, were fed to larvae of the gypsy moth,
Lymantria dispar L. Gypsy moth larvae from different
familial lines (egg masses) from a single geographic
population were evaluated on these hosts. The larvae
were fed...
Understanding how the interactions and feedbacks between plant function, climate, and soils ultimately affects the terrestrial water balance and subsurface flow processes is major challenge in scientific hydrology. This dissertation summarizes the findings of a manipulative climate warming experiment, an observational field study that utilized stable-isotope tracers, and associated modeling...
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Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Understanding how the interactions and feedbacks between plant
The specific objectives of this dissertation are to determine subsurface flow
behaviors across different antecedent wetness conditions from a top-down perspective
and to mechanistically assess the hydrological controls on DOC and N transport at the
hillslope and catchment scale. The study area is a small catchment where hillslopes
issue directly...
The purpose of this work was to determine if environmentally-relevant concentrations of chlorpyrifos and copper, two commonly detected chemicals in Western surface waters, can negatively impact the biological health of salmonids. Both compounds are highly neurotoxic to fish, but each with distinct biological target sites and mechanisms of action. We...
Both red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white (Trifolium repens L.) clover
seed yields can be highly variable and low in western Oregon. The objectives of
this study were to: i) determine crop water requirements and supplemental
irrigation timing, and ii) quantify the effects of soil and water status on
inflorescence...
The focus of this research was to gain an understanding of physical activity in elementary school-aged children with mental retardation (MR). The primary purpose of the first study was to investigate physical activity levels of children with and without MR in both school and out of school environments. The secondary...
Low concentrations of dissolved copper have proven to be harmful to a number of aquatic organisms, with recent research highlighting detrimental effects to endangered salmonid species. Stormwater runoff can represent a significant source of copper to surface waters, necessitating cost-effective alternatives to current stormwater best management practices (BMPs). This study...
Copper and zinc are heavy metals commonly present in highway stormwater runoff. Discharge of these metals to surface waters inhabited by sensitive aquatic species including threatened and endangered salmonids has necessitated the need for improved treatment techniques. Although copper is of the greater toxicological concern, zinc is often present at...
Resistance training is widely prescribed for rehabilitation of injuries and as a method to improve athletic performance. It is accepted that resistance training increases the maximal force production of whole muscle and it has been suggested that the velocity of shortening can increase as well. However, little is known about...
Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a popular perennial, non-bloating forage legume used for pasture, hay and silage throughout the temperate regions of Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and North and South America. It is regarded as the most morphologically and biochemically variable species in the genus. Research investigating the...
Nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important in numerous technological fields but evidence shows that they can be toxic to many organisms. To predict their fate and transport in the environment, nanoparticle attachment to naturally occurring colloids must be examined. This study investigated citrate-capped gold nanoparticle (Cit-AuNP) heteroaggregation with two model colloids...
Understanding the aggregation behavior of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in aqueous environments is essential to understanding their fate, transport, and toxicity. Because naturally occurring colloids will likely be present at much higher concentrations than ENMs in environmental systems, heteroaggregation and attachment with these natural colloids could significantly influence ENM fate and...
Glioblastoma is the most malignant primary brain tumor with the average
patients surviving only one year after diagnosis, even with aggressive therapy. The
formation of numerous micro-tumors dispersed into the brain due to rapid invasion of
tumor cells, presents the primary challenge to the surgical removal of tumors and
limits...
This study investigates the relationship between total and ionic copper in samples taken from the Tualatin River and wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) that discharge into the Tualatin River. Copper speciation was analyzed by determining conditional stability constants and densities of copper binding ligands on the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in...