In some practical systems, most of the errors are of 1 → 0 type and 0 → 1
errors occur very rarely. In this thesis, first, the capacity of the asymmetric
channel is derived. The capacity of the binary symmetric channel (BSC) and the
Z-channel can be derived from this...
Balanced codes, in which each codeword contains equally many 1's and 0's, are useful in such applications as in optical transmission and optical recording. When balanced codes are used, the same number of 1's and 0's pass through the channel after the transmission of every word, so the channel is...
Terrestrial biosphere models can help identify physical processes that control carbon
dynamics, including land–atmosphere CO₂ fluxes, and have great potential to predict the terrestrial
ecosystem response to changing climate. The skill of models that provide continental-scale carbon flux
estimates, however, remains largely untested. This paper evaluates the performance of continental-scale...
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
These thistles are native to Europe and the Middle East.
Some are not true thistles; for example, purple/Iberian and
yellow starthistle actually are knapweeds. All of these plants, however,
share a spiny, thorny, invasive nature and long-lasting, hard seed. These traits make people who use or manage land for recreation,...
Four species of Centaurea are commonly found in central and
eastern Oregon, including spotted knapweed (Centaurea
maculosa), diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), Russian
knapweed (Centaurea repens), and yellow starthistle
(Centaurea solstitialis). These four species are a serious problem
throughout Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. Stands of knapweed can choke out natural...