Many Gram-negative bacteria use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to establish associations with their hosts. The T3SS is a conduit for direct injection of type-III effector proteins into host cells, where they manipulate the host for the benefit of the infecting bacterium. For plant-associated pathogens, the variations in number...
Questions: Mountain systems have high abiotic heterogeneity over local spatial scales, offering natural experiments for examining plant species invasions. We ask whether functional groupings explain non-native species spread into native vegetation and up elevation gradients.We examine whether non-native species distribution patterns are related to environmental variables after controlling for elevation...
Global environmental change is causing local extinctions of species. When species depend on one another, as in the mutualistic relationship between plants and pollinators, loss of one interaction partner may cause cascading effects within the community – such as additional extinctions and reduced pollination services. Network theory provides a way...
This dataset includes species richness of native plants, pollinators and birds as well as 13 proxies for ecosystem services representing timber production, culturally-valued plants and animals, and regulating services tied to forest productivity. The data were collected from an experiment conducted in the Oregon Coast Range USA that sought to...
Powdery mildew of hop (Podosphaera macularis) may cause economic loss due to reductions in cone yield and quality.
Quantitative estimates of crop damage from powdery mildew remain poorly characterized, especially the effect of late season
disease management on crop yield and quality. Field studies in Washington State evaluated cone yield,...
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–639. doi: 10.1111/ppa.12123.
On pages 636 and 638, Gent et al. reported an equation relating hop cone
This study examined the validity of the WA PPA process which was developed to assess teacher candidates for licensing purposes. Three validities were investigated using Messick’s view. Content validity was addressed using the raters’ judgment to
establish alignment between the WAC standards and the INTASC. Evidential validity refers to the...
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Edith Gummer
This study examined the validity of the WA PPA process which was developed
In the last decade, many U.S. parks and protected areas (PPA) experienced record breaking visitation levels. Managers of these PPAs face the challenging task of providing a range of quality and accessible outdoor experiences without compromising the integrity and health of surrounding ecosystems. Understanding how PPA visitors move and interact...
Reproductive function in the dog is controlled by feedback mechanisms that involve the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the gonads. Surgical gonad removal, a common procedure performed in dogs for the purposes of sterilization, disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and results in permanently elevated concentrations of gonadotropins. Manipulation of...
Biological invasions threaten native biodiversity, alter ecosystem function, and are a major cause of economic losses across the planet. The most impactful invaders alter disturbance regimes and initiate state shifts to outside the historical range of variability of the ecosystem. Concern for ecological and economic losses has prompted a rapid...
Polybenzimidazoles were synthesized from 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and dicarboxylic acids. The polymerizations using the dicarboxylic acid monomers were carried out in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) and phosphorus pentoxide/methansulfonic acid (PPMA) which acted as the solvent and condensing agent. The resulting polybenzimidazoles had inherent viscosities in the range of 0.12 to 0.84 dL/g....
