At low latitudes, cirrus are ubiquitous and can be in
excess of 100°C colder than the surface, limiting the
amount of sunlight absorbed by the earth’s atmosphere and
surface, and reducing its loss of heat. Here we present
aircraft measurements within cirrus over southern Florida
indicating that ice crystals have...
This paper presents a detailed study of a single thunderstorm anvil cirrus cloud measured on 21 July 2002
near southern Florida during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area
Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE). NASA WB-57F and University of North Dakota Citation aircraft
tracked the microphysical and radiative...
In flight through a wave cloud during SUCCESS on 2 May 1996, simultaneous forward- and aft- facing NOy inlets were used to infer the amount of condensed-phase NOy present on ice particles that were up to a few minutes old. Condensed-phased amounts were 25-75 pptv, or 10-20% of gas-phase NOy....
Airborne measurements over the northern Pacific are
evaluated to characterize properties of black carbon (BC) in
cirrus crystal residuals and background aerosols in the upper
troposphere. Although the mass and number concentrations
of BC were 7–25 times lower in crystal residuals than in
particles outside of cloud, twice as many...
During the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), cloud droplets were collected and evaporated using a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI). The nonvolatile residual particles were then analyzed by various instruments. Physical and chemical properties of the below-cloud aerosol to evaluate which aerosol particles act as cloud nuclei in different environments, and their...
In situ airborne sampling of refractory black carbon (rBC) particles and Ice Nuclei (IN) was conducted in and near an extratropical cyclonic storm in the western Pacific Ocean during the Pacific Dust Experiment, PACDEX, in the spring of 2007. Airmass origins were from Eastern Asia. Clouds associated primarily with the...
Recent successes of hatcheries in producing coho salmon have stimulated searches for additional hatchery locations in coastal watersheds. In the past hatcheries were designed with gravity flow water supplies, but in more recent years pumping the water has proven feasible. Because of the acceptance of pumping, naturally impounded waters are...
The analysis of 64 rock samples from Saudi Arabia and three
samples from the axial trough of the Red Sea has been done.
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was the analytical
tool used for the analysis of at least 18 and as many as 24 elements
in these 67 rock...