Low energy availability (EA) (e.g., insufficient energy intake (EI) to match energy needs, including exercise energy expenditure) has been identified as a primary contributor to exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction (ExMD) in active women. For health reasons, active women may self-select diets lower in energy density (ED, kcal/g), which can inadvertently contribute...
The prevalence of exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction (ExMD) ranges between 6-79% in endurance-trained women and may result from a low energy availability (EA; kcal/kgFFM/d). EA is the energy remaining after planned exercise, which is available for basic physiological processes and daily living activities. One mechanism for energy conservation may be a...
Exercise-related menstrual dysfunction (ExMD) is associated with low energy availability (EA), decreased bone mineral density (BMD), and increased risk of musculoskeletal injury. We investigated whether a 6-month carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) supplement (360 kcal/day, 54 g CHO/day, 20 g PRO/day) intervention would improve energy status and musculoskeletal health and restore menses in...