The most common wastewater treatment system used in rural areas is the septic tank-soil absorption system. The septic tank removes settlable and floatable solids from the wastewater, and the soil absorption field filters and treats the clarified septic tank effluent. Removing the solids from the wastewater protects the soil absorption...
In a properly operating septic system, the solid material in the sewage is settled out in a septic tank and stored until removal by pumping. The effluent from the tank is still sewage. It has a strong odor and is high in disease causing organisms. This effluent is treated and...
The City of Salem, Oregon has an active sewer main chemical grouting
program for the control of groundwater infiltration into the sewer collection
system. The effectiveness of this chemical grouting program is evaluated
by a comparison to other effective chemical grouting programs for control
of inflow/infiltration (I/I). The importance of...
This thesis describes the results of a project conducted to determine the economics of forest road maintenance alternatives
between periods of timber harvesting. An open road and a closed road alternative will be compared to the economics of clearcutting an
entire area and obliterating the road system until reentry at...
Large numbers of reinforced concrete deck girder (RCDG) bridges were built during the highway infrastructure boom of the 1950's. The advent of standardized deformed steel reinforcing bars during this time allowed for straight bar terminations in flexural tension regions. Designers of the time terminated reinforcing bars where they were no...
We first need to note that the soil nitrogen that makes plants green is primarily in the form of nitrate, and this nitrogen is accessible to plants specifically because it stays dissolved in the soil water. In a typical corn field, where the bulk of the roots are in the...
Many older reinforced concrete deck girder (RCDG) bridges contain straight bar terminations of flexural reinforcement. Common bridge design practice of the 1950s did not consider the additional demands on the terminated bars from shear and flexure. Moreover, more stringent code specifications and heavier permit trucks contribute to the insufficient ratings...
This report frames the debate over studded tires in terms of economic principles of marginal cost pricing and efficient resource allocation. In the absence of a user tax, the pavement damage caused by studded tires results in inefficient pricing because social costs associated with the damage are excluded from the...
Assessment of an existing bridge is needed when the structure exhibits signs of distress. Assessment practices require refinement in the calculation of loading and resistance while maintaining an acceptable level of risk, to minimize costs associated with repair, replacement and weight restrictions. Previous risk-based assessments evaluated the strength cases for...