The exponential family of probability distributions is obtained
from σ-finite measures on the real line. We choose the parameter
space to be one-dimensional and the exponent to be linear. Relationships
between the measure, its spectrum, and the parameter space
are examined, moments of the exponential family are studied, and
the...
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) is considered here in the
context of the Enlightenment effort to develop a science of man. His
Philosophie zoologique (1809) and the Systeme analytique (1820) are
the two principal relevant works examined in depth to discover how
he meant to base a science of man on...
This history concerns the scientific contributions of Charles
Babbage (1791-1871) to mathematics, to the invention of calculating
machines, and machine tools, to the development of scientific ideas
through a wide variety of scientific investigations and his involvement
in several different scientific reforms. Babbage considered himself
a philosopher in the broadest...
Negative feedback has become ubiquitous in science both as a
technique and as a conceptual tool. As a technique, negative feedback
has a long history; devices based in its use were made in
antiquity. It has only been during the last century, however, that
rigorous quantitiative methods have become associated...
In their modern context questions of heredity have come to be
closely aligned with theories of evolution because all such theories
require the presence of heritable variation. Thus the need for an
understanding of a source of variation and a mechanism for its inheritance
became very apparent with the general...
Historians and sociologists of science often identify the efflorescence of social stud ies of science with the work of postwar American intellectuals such as Robert K. Merton and Thomas S. Kuhn. They often also refer to the views of Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) on the roles of tacit knowledge, apprenticeship, social...
Moral elevation refers to the distinct state of warmth and expansion that some individuals experience after witnessing or learning about the altruistic acts of others. Elevation is a particularly interesting positive emotion for its capacity to promote various altruistic behaviors, as well as motivate witnesses to improve their character. The...
Diclofop-methyl [me yl 2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy) propanoate] hydrolysis, degradation, and leaching were studied in field and laboratory experiments. Greater than 75% of the applied diclofop-methyl hydrolyzed to diclofop in 2 days at 4°C, the prevailing soil temperature during western Oregon winters. Degradation beyond the diclofop molecule, also an active herbicide, was...
Demands of today's integrated society dependent on communication systems have driven the creation of ever more efficient analog-to-digital converters. For the same reasons, digital circuitry has rapidly expanded to serve all the different systems and needs of consumers. The trend of technology development has been to make these digital circuits...