Stratigraphic measurement of the 1,238-rn thick Cowlitz Formation in the
southwest Washington type section along Olequa and Stillwater creeks reveals complex
facies succession of wave- to tide-dominated deltaic sequences. The underlying, 625-rn
thick upper member of the McIntosh Formation (as mapped by Wells, 1981) is composed
of two units: a...
The early to middle Eocene submarine basalts of the Crescent Formation form the
core and basement of the structurally uplifted Willapa Hills region of southwest
Washington. The formation consists of a thick sequence of predominantly subalkaline,
tholeiitic pillow basalts and breccias formed as oceanic crust and seamounts at a sea...
Oyster reefs provide an array of ecosystem services. Specifically, they provide structurally complex habitat for fish and invertebrate species such as the commercially important Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister. This ecosystem service, once provided by the native oyster Ostrea lurida, is now provided by the commercially cultured oyster Crassostrea gigas in...