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You Are the Only Possible Oracle: Effective Test Selection for End Users of Interactive Machine Learning Systems

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Abstract
  • How do you test a program when only a single user, with no expertise in software testing, is able to determine if the program is performing correctly? Such programs are common today in the form of machine-learned classifiers. We consider the problem of testing this common kind of machine-generated program when the only oracle is an end user: e.g., only you can determine if your email is properly filed. We present test selection methods that provide very good failure rates even for small test suites, and show that these methods work in both large-scale random experiments using a “gold standard” and in studies with real users. Our methods are inexpensive and largely algorithm-independent. Key to our methods is an exploitation of properties of classifiers that is not possible in traditional software testing. Our results suggest that it is plausible for time-pressured end users to interactively detect failures—even very hard-to-find failures—without wading through a large number of successful (and thus less useful) tests. We additionally show that some methods are able to find the arguably most difficult-to-detect faults of classifiers: cases where machine learning algorithms have high confidence in an incorrect result.
  • ©2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and can be found at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=32.
  • Keywords: end-user testing, machine learning, test suite size
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  • Groce, A., Kulesza, T., Zhang, C., Shamasunder, S., Burnett, M., Wong, W., ... & McIntosh, K. (2014). You are the only possible oracle: Effective test selection for end users of interactive machine learning systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 40(3), 307-323. doi:10.1109/TSE.2013.59
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  • 40
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  • 3
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  • This work was supported in part by NSF 0803487.
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