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Trace analysis of environmental matrices by large-volume injection and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

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  • The time-honored convention of concentrating aqueous samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) is being challenged by the increasingly wide spread use of large-volume injection (LVI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the determination of traces of polar organic contaminants in environmental samples. Although different LVI approaches have been proposed over the last 40 years, the simplest and most popular way of performing LVI is known as single column LVI (SC-LVI), in which a large-volume of an aqueous sample is directly injected into an analytical column. For the purposes of this critical review, LVI is defined as an injected sample volume that is ≥ 10% of the void volume of the analytical column. Compared to other techniques, SC-LVI is easier to set up, as it only requires small hardware modifications to existing autosamplers and, thus, will represent the main focus of the current review. Although not new, SC-LVI is gaining acceptance and the approach is emerging as a technology that will render SPE nearly obsolete for many environmental applications. In this review, we discuss 1) the history and development of various forms of LVI, 2) the critical factors that one needs to consider when creating and optimizing SC-LVI methods and 3) example applications that demonstrate the range of environmental matrices, to which LVI is applicable such as drinking water, groundwater and surface water including seawater as well as wastewater. Furthermore, we give responses to answer a set of ‘frequently asked questions’ typically encountered from audiences and we indicate future directions and areas that need to be addressed to fully delineate the limits of SC-LVI.
  • Keywords: Direct injection, Soil, Water, LC-MS/MS, Sample preparation, Large-volume injection, Wastewater, Solid-phase extraction, Liquid chromatography
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  • Busetti, F., Backe, W. J., Bendixen, N., Maier, U., Place, B., Giger, W., & Field, J. A. (2012). Trace analysis of environmental matrices by large-volume injection and liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 402(1), 175-186. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5290-y
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  • 402
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  • 1
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