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Phytochemicals in fruits of Hawaiian wild cranberry relatives

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  • BACKGROUND: Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) contain high levels of phytochemicals such as proanthocyanidins (PACs). These polymeric condensations of flavan-3-ol monomers are associated with health benefits. Our objective was to evaluate phytochemicals in fruit from Hawaiian cranberry relatives, V. reticulatum Sm. and V. calycinum Sm. Normal-phase HPLC coupled with fluorescence and ESI-MS detected PACs; the colorimetric 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) assay was used to determine total PACs. Spectrophotometric tests and reverse-phase HPLC coupled to photodiode array and refractive index detectors evaluated phenolics, sugars, and organic acids. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the ORAC and FRAP assays. RESULTS: Antioxidant capacities of Hawaiian berries were high. The FRAP measurement for V. calycinum was 454.7 ± 90.2 μmol L⁻¹ Trolox equivalents kg⁻¹ for pressed fruit. Hawaiian berries had lower peonidin, quinic and citric acids amounts and invert (∼1) glucose/fructose ratio compared with cranberry. Both Hawaiian Vaccinium species were good sources of PACs; they contained phenolics and PAC monomers, A and B-type trimers, tetramers and larger polymers. Vaccinium reticulatum and V. calycinum showed comparable or higher PAC levels than in cranberry. Cranberries had higher percentage of A-type dimers than did V. reticulatum. A and B-type dimers were not differentiated in V. calycinum. The total PACs (as measured by DMAC) for V. calycinum (24.3 ± 0.10 mg catechin equivalents kg⁻¹) were about twice that in cranberry. CONCLUSION: Berries of V. reticulatum and V. calycinum could serve as a rich dietary source of PACs, comparable to or greater than cranberries. These finding suggest that Hawaiian Vaccinium berries could be a functional food. Additional examination of the phytochemicals in other wild Vaccinium species is warranted.
  • Keywords: Phenolics, Proanthocyanidin, A-type linkage, Vaccinium reticulatum, Vaccinium calycinum, Anthocyanins, ‘ōhelo, Vaccinium macrocarpon, PAC, ORAC, FRAP
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  • Hummer, K., Durst, R., Zee, F., Atnip, A. and Giusti, M. M. (2014), Phytochemicals in fruits of Hawaiian wild cranberry relatives. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94: 1530–1536. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6453
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  • 94
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  • 8
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  • This research is supported by a reimbursable agreement between Agricultural Research Service and the Cooperative State Research Education & Extension Service (CSREES), U.S. Department of Agriculture (SCRI Grant Project Number 2008-51180-04873), and ARS CRIS Project Number 5320-21000-012-06R, Accession #04515115, and ARS CRIS 5358-21000-03800D. The authors would like to thank The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center for partially funding this research.
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