Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation
 

Evaluation of the Performance of Lateral Spread Displacement Empirical Models for Subduction Zone Earthquake Case Histories

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  • Lateral spread is a pervasive type of liquefaction-induced ground failure that occurs on gentle slopes or near free-faces, such as river channels. Resulting horizontal displacements can reach up to several meters, and can be considerably damaging to foundations, bridges, roadways, pipelines, etc. In the 1990s, Bartlett and Youd (1992a, 1995) introduced an empirical model for predicting liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacements. Since then, this model has become popular in engineering practice; numerous additional empirical models have also been developed. This thesis studied case histories of lateral spreading due to great (moment magnitude 8.0 or greater) subduction zone earthquakes, which are the product of large-scale ruptures along the boundary where one tectonic plate descends beneath another. These complex ruptures are capable of producing enormous energy, and strong shaking for much longer durations than those produced by more common crustal earthquakes. Although existing empirical models are based on large databases of lateral spreading case histories, a significant majority of these databases involve major (moment magnitude 6.0 to 8.0) crustal earthquakes. Furthermore, the only two subduction zone earthquakes incorporated in the case history databases for existing empirical models occurred prior to 1970, and lack ground motion recordings. To overcome this gap in the case history databases, available lateral spreading case history data from four great earthquakes (Alaska 1964, Peru 2007, Chile 2010, and Japan 2011) was compiled to initiate the creation of a great earthquake lateral spread case history (GELCH) database. An evaluation of the case histories from the GELCH database showed that lateral spreading occurred at locations having corrected standard penetration test (SPT) (N₁)₆₀ values less than 15, with the exception of two sites previously identified by Bartlett and Youd (1995). In addition, this research found that popular empirical models (e.g., from Rauch and Martin (2000), Youd et al. (2002), Zhang et al. (2004), and Gillins and Bartlett (2014)) all failed to accurately predict lateral spread displacements at every case history in the GELCH database. These failures were likely caused by the complex ruptures of the subduction zone earthquakes, which led to extrapolation of model parameters. Based on these findings, this thesis provided recommendations for the types of critical data needed to further populate the GELCH database, and gave ideas for how to develop a new empirical model that is capable of predicting accurate lateral spread displacements due to great subduction zone earthquakes.
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