Species Code,English Name,Scientific Name,Region,Suborder,Family,Incubation Type,Nest Type,Parental Care Type,Adult Mass (g),Adult Tarsus (mm),Adult Wing (mm),Clutch,Egg Mass (g),Nest Height (m),Cumulative Nest Survival,DMR,Mass Growth Rate (K),Tarsus Growth Rate (K),Incubation Period (d),Nestling Period (d),Growth Rate References,Other Variable References core,Common Redpoll,Acanthis flammea,temperate,Passeri,Fringillidae,uni,cup,bi,13,14.73,72.9,4.2,1.363,0.75,,,0.2426,,11,11,Walkinshaw 1948,Knox and Lowther 2000 rwbl,Red-winged Blackbird,Agelaius phoeniceus,temperate,Passeri,Icteridae,uni,cup,uni,42.35,28.05,109.6,3.28,4.256,0.375,0.23,0.0786,0.273,,12.6,12.1,Holcomb and Twiest 1971,Linz et al. 2014; Tasukawa and Searcy 2019 rcsp,Rufous-crowned Sparrow,Aimophila ruficeps,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,18.7,20.07,58.29,3.5,,0,,0.044,,,12,8.5,,Collins 1994 btsp,Black-throated Sparrow,Amphispiza bilineata,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,13.5,18.415,62.615,3.5,1.831,0.1007,0.287,0.0524,,,11.8,9.5,,Johnson et al. 2002 flsj,Florida Scrub Jay,Aphelocoma coerulescens,temperate,Passeri,Corvidae,uni,cup,cooperative,73.695,37.75,112.25,3.27,5.977,1.5,,0.021,0.2426,,18,18,Woolfenden 1978,Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick 1996; Franzreb 2007 obsp,Orange-billed Sparrow,Arremon aurantiirostris,tropical,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,enclosed,bi,34.5,25.55,75.15,2,3.558,0,,,,,15,10,,Skutch 1962 bssp,Black-striped Sparrow,Arremonops conirostris,tropical,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,enclosed,bi,39.745,29.88,76,2,4.264,1.1,0.3642,0.0381,0.3415,0.3635,14,11,this study,this study brat,Bright-rumped Attila,Attila spadiceus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cavity,bi,38,25.53,83.5,3.5,4.327,0.8128,,,,,18,18,,Skutch 1997; Skutch 1971 etti,Tufted Titmouse,Baeolophus bicolor,temperate,Passeri,Paridae,uni,cavity,bi,21.285,15.35,79.4,6,1.983,12,,,,,13,17.5,,Ritchison et al. 2015; Johnson and Kermott 1994; Grubb and Pravosudov 1994 cedw,Cedar Waxwing,Bombycilla cedrorum,temperate,Passeri,Bombycillidae,uni,cup,bi,32.9,16.75,94.45,4,2.75,2.862,,0.1301,0.4842,,12,15.5,this study; Putnam 1949,this study; Hanski et al. 1996; Putnam 1949; Witmer et al. 2014 lalo,Lapland Longspur,Calcarius lapponicus,temperate,Passeri,Calcariidae,uni,cup,bi,27.85,21.59,92.455,4.91,2.608,0,,,0.4366,,11.4,7.4,Grinnell 1944,Hussell and Montgomerie 2002; Maher 1964 cclo,Chestnut-collared Longspur,Calcarius ornatus,temperate,Passeri,Calcariidae,uni,cup,bi,20.3,19.685,82.8,4,2.044,0,0.36,0.0435,0.4354,,10.9,11.1,"Jongsomjit, Jones, Gardali, Geupel, and Gouse 2007",Bleho et al. 2015; Davis et al. 2016 smlo,Smith's Longspur,Calcarius pictus,temperate,Passeri,Calcariidae,uni,cup,bi,26.7,20.19,89.66,3.88,2.813,0,0.658,0.0185,,,11.6,8.1,,Briskie 2009 sbty,Southern Beardless Tyrannulet,Camptostoma obsoletum,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,bi,7.3425,13.58,48.5,2,1.375,2,,,,,15,17,,Skutch 1999; Haverschmidt 1954 cacw,Cactus Wren,Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus,temperate,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,enclosed,bi,38.9,27.65,84.45,3.41,3.681,1.7,0.71,0.0087,0.2835,,16,21,Anderson and Anderson 1961,Hamilton et al. 2011; Conway and Martin plwr,Isthmian Wren,Cantorchilus elutus,tropical,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,enclosed,,18.815,23.2,57.2,2,2.941,3.5,,,,,18,13,,this study; Skutch 1960 buwr,Buff-breasted Wren,Cantorchilus leucotis,tropical,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,enclosed,bi,19.36,24.53,63.5,3,2.2,2.5,0.44,0.025,,,16.3,15,,Gill and Haggerty 2012 wiwa,Wilson's Warbler,Cardellina pusilla,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,7.285,18.05,54.6,4.4,1.356,0,0.65,0.0175,,,11.2,10,,Ammon and Gilbert 1999; Conway and Martin 2000 noca,Northern Cardinal,Cardinalis cardinalis,temperate,Passeri,Cardinalidae,uni,cup,bi,37.5,24.51,92.58,2,4.668,1.5,0.3953,0.038,0.3301,0.3724,13,9.625,this study,this study swth,Swainson's Thrush,Catharus ustulatus,temperate,Passeri,Turdidae,bi,cup,bi,32.785,29.11,98.5,4,3.489,1.7,0.285,0.0448,,,12,13,,Mack and Yong 2000 duab,Dusky Antbird,Cercomacroides tyrannina,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cup,bi,16.26,22.4,59,2,2.291,1.767,0.5226,0.0214,,,18,11,this study,this study; Robinson and Robinson unpublished; Brawn et al. 2011; Skutch 1996 wren,Wrentit,Chamaea fasciata,temperate,Passeri,Sylviidae,bi,cup,bi,14.715,25,57.05,3.57,1.912,0.75,0.455,0.0245,0.3084,0.2881,15,14.6,"Jongsomjit, Jones, Gardali, Geupel, and Gouse 2007",Geupel and Ballard 2002 ltma,Lance-tailed Manakin,Chiroxiphia lanceolata,tropical,Tyranni,Pipridae,uni,cup,uni,20.3,18.36,69,2,2.762,1.733,,,,,21,,,this study; Reidy 2009 brfc,Brownish Twistwing,Cnipodectes subbrunneus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,,enclosed,,23.2,18.17,82,2,,2,0.444,0.0206,,,,18,,Brawn et al. 2011; Wetmore 1972 trpe,Tropical Pewee,Contopus cinereus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,11.6,13.25,70.15,3,1.28,3,,,,,15.5,,,this study; Skutch 1997 eawp,Eastern Wood Pewee,Contopus virens,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,14.23,13.5,82.35,3,2.01,9.6,0.43,0.026,,,13,17,,McCarty 1996; Knutson et al. 2004; Mossman and Lange 1982 rlhc,Red-legged Honeycreeper,Cyanerpes cyaneus,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,12.845,14.46,63,2.25,1.421,3.944,,,,,12.25,12.5,,Skutch 1989 blja,Blue Jay,Cyanocitta cristata,temperate,Passeri,Corvidae,uni,cup,bi,90.5,29,127.25,3.5,6.209,4.188,0.54,0.034,0.2252,,18,17.5,Rand 1937; Arnold 1938,this study; Peck and James 1987; Best and Stauffer 1980; Brawn 2006; Laine 1983; Arnold 1938 bbgb,Blue-black Grosbeak,Cyanocompsa cyanoides,tropical,Passeri,Cardinalidae,uni,cup,bi,30.3797,21.1,77,2,3.812,1.3716,,,,,14,12,,Skutch 1954 faas,Fasciated Antshrike,Cymbilaimus lineatus,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cup,,36.255,25.1,72.35,2,4.156,2.114,,,,,17,10,,this study; Zimmer and Isler 2015 sowr,Song Wren,Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus,tropical,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,enclosed,cooperative,24.85,24.18,63,2.22,3.511,2.5,,0.032,,,20.5,13.5,,Robinson 2000; Robinson and Robinson unpub pbwc,Plain-brown Woodcreeper,Dendrocincla fuliginosa,tropical,Tyranni,Furnariidae,uni,cavity,uni,42.365,25.205,106,2,5.175,2,,,,,,24,,this study; Willis 1972 rcma,Red-capped Manakin,Dixiphia mentalis,tropical,Tyranni,Pipridae,uni,cup,uni,15.405,14.92,56,2,2.346,2,0.129,0.0603,0.2486,0.2465,18.8,12,this study,this study; Brawn et al. 2011 grca,Grey Catbird,Dumetella carolinensis,temperate,Passeri,Mimidae,uni,cup,bi,38.5,27.5,88.95,3,3.795,1.5,0.5261,0.0244,0.3897,0.4157,13,11,this study,this study leel,Lesser Elaenia,Elaenia chiriquensis,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,17.93,16.35,71,2,1.907,2.62,,0.061,0.1863,,14.5,15.5,unpub. Ricklefs,this study; Skutch 1997 ybel,Yellow-bellied Elaenia,Elaenia flavogaster,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,23.475,19.67,76,2,2.777,3.5,0.5801,0.0173,0.1606,0.2196,16,16.2,unpub. White and Ricklefs (in Ricklefs 1976); this study,Skutch 1997 dufl,American Dusky Flycatcher,Empidonax oberholseri,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,10.4,,,3.6,1.732,2,0.376,0.0279,0.4686,,15,17.5,"Jongsomjit, Jones, Gardali, Geupel, and Gouse 2007",Pereyra and Sedgwick 2015; Sedgwick 1993 wifl,Willow Flycatcher,Empidonax traillii,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,12.6,15.85,68.85,4,1.715,1.255,0.51,0.0224,0.4947,0.3658,13.5,13,this study; King 1955,this study; McCabe 1991; Sedgwick 2000 acfl,Acadian Flycatcher,Empidonax virescens,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,12.95,15,71,2.94,1.977,4.06,0.348,0.035,0.4489,,14,14,Mumford 1964,Mumford 1964; Whitehead and Taylor 2002 ctaw,Checker-throated Antwren,Epinecrophylla fulviventris,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,enclosed,bi,10,17.27,50,2,1.634,1.5,0.273,0.0526,,,17,13.6,,Robinson and Robinson unpub; Brawn et al. 2011 ghta,Grey-headed Tanager,Eucometis penicillata,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,31.395,22.58,88,2.25,3.093,2.5,,,,,14,10,,this study; Robinson and Robinson unpub; Skutch 1989 tbeu,Thick-billed Euphonia,Euphonia laniirostris,tropical,Passeri,Fringillidae,uni,enclosed,bi,15,16.35,61,4,1.372,2,0.4359,0.0224,0.2681,0.2036,15,19.6471,this study,this study yceu,Yellow-crowned Euphonia,Euphonia luteicapilla,tropical,Passeri,Fringillidae,uni,enclosed,bi,12.35,13.2,53.2,2.92,1.43,3.933,,,,,13.5,22.66,,Skutch 1954 bfat,Black-faced Antthrush,Formicarius analis,tropical,Tyranni,Formicariidae,,cavity,bi,56,33.465,86,2,11.217,1,,,,,20,18,,"this study; Robinson and Robinson unpub; Skutch 1989, 1996" kewa,Kentucky Warbler,Geothlypis formosa,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,14.375,22.63,69,4,2.239,0,0.347,0.048,0.4529,,12,8.5,McDonald 2013,Sargent 1997; McDonald 2013 coye,Common Yellowthroat,Geothlypis trichas,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,9.45,20.3,55.2,4,1.791,1.75,0.553,0.0228,0.7536,,12,11,Hofslund 1959; Stewart 1953,Hofslund 1959; Guzy and Ritchison 1999 bcab,Bicolored Antbird,Gymnopithys bicolor,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cavity,bi,30.3798,28.75,75,2,3.871,0.25,0.423,0.0289,,,15.5,12,,Brawn et al. 2011 rtat,Red-throated Ant Tanager,Habia fuscicauda,tropical,Passeri,Cardinalidae,uni,cup,bi,39.4,26.17,95.5,2,4.473,1.594,,,0.3424,0.3547,13,10,this study,this study cafi,Cassin's Finch,Haemorhous cassinii,temperate,Passeri,Fringillidae,uni,cup,bi,26.5,18.925,90.55,4.5,2.453,11,,,,,12,,,Hahn 1996 hofi,House Finch,Haemorhous mexicanus,temperate,Passeri,Fringillidae,uni,cup,bi,21.75,17.655,76.71,4.07,2.201,2,0.7134,0.0114,0.4242,0.3677,12.6,14.125,this study,this study woth,Wood Thrush,Hylocichla mustelina,temperate,Passeri,Turdidae,uni,cup,bi,50.15,32.475,107,3.33,5.042,4.536,0.66,0.024,,,12.7,13.5,,this study; Evans et al. 2011; Brawn 2006 gfgr,Golden-fronted Greenlet,Hylophilus aurantiifrons,tropical,Passeri,Vireonidae,uni,cup,bi,9.365,15.6,52.5,2,1.617,2,,,0.5557,0.3457,15,12,this study,this study spab,Spotted Antbird,Hylophylax naevioides,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cup,bi,16.5,23.57,62,2,2.566,0.683,0.202,0.0537,,,18,11.6,,Robinson and Robinson unpub baor,Baltimore Oriole,Icterus galbula,temperate,Passeri,Icteridae,uni,enclosed,bi,33.64,23.75,93.1,5,3.22,8.75,0.72,0.025,,,12,12.5,,Brawn 2006; Rising and Flood 1998 deju,Dark-eyed Junco,Junco hyemalis,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,18.6,21.08,77.09,4,2.523,0,0.676,0.015,0.3943,,12.5,10.54,Smith and Andersen 1982,Nolan et al. 2002; Clinton and Knight 1993 nshr,Great Grey Shrike,Lanius excubitor,temperate,Passeri,Laniidae,uni,cup,bi,63.4,27.5,114.85,7.6,5.503,2.49,0.6,0.0119,,,17.5,19,,Cade and Atkinson 2002; Paruk et al. 2017 pifc,Piratic Flycatcher,Legatus leucophaius,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,parasite,bi,25.915,16.1,81,3,2.96,3.769,,,,,13,18,,this study; Skutch 1997 bcma,Blue-crowned Manakin,Lepidothrix coronata,tropical,Tyranni,Pipridae,uni,cup,uni,10.3486,14.51,58,2,1.834,1,,,0.3045,0.2798,19,10,this study,this study; Foote et al. 2010 gcma,Golden-collared Manakin,Manacus vitellinus,tropical,Tyranni,Pipridae,uni,cup,uni,18.185,20.3,53,2,2.632,1,0.1658,0.0546,0.2327,0.2005,18.5,13,this study,this study; Brawn et al. 2011 bbfc,Boat-billed Flycatcher,Megarynchus pitangua,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,,cup,,72.935,20.35,123,2.5,8.162,5,,,,,17.5,24,,Skutch 1997; Mobley 2015 sosp,Song Sparrow,Melospiza melodia,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,21.21,21.59,66.165,3.75,2.459,0.4,0.0359,0.1404,0.498,0.4848,12,8,this study,this study abto,Abert's Towhee,Melozone aberti,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,45.95,27.94,90.93,2.85,4.336,1.558,,0.018,,,14,12.5,,Tweit and Finch 1994 dwaw,Dot-winged Antwren,Microrhopias quixensis,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cup,bi,8.3125,16.11,48,2,1.541,3.5,0.132,0.0697,,,,11,,Robinson and Robinson unpub; Brawn et al. 2011 trmb,Tropical Mockingbird,Mimus gilvus,tropical,Passeri,Mimidae,bi,cup,bi,50.9,33.95,119.65,2.67,5.961,4.55,,,,,14,13.5,,this study; Cody 2015 nomo,Northern Mockingbird,Mimus polyglottos,temperate,Passeri,Mimidae,uni,cup,bi,50.9,32.05,108.1,3.8,6.019,2,0.61,0.0181,0.3999,,12.5,12,Fischer 1983,Farnsworth et al. 2011 obfc,Ochre-bellied Flycatcher,Mionectes oleagineus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,uni,10.815,15.01,56.5,3,1.459,0.25,0.303,0.0287,,,20,18,,Brawn et al. 2011; Skutch 1997 bhco,Brown-headed Cowbird,Molothrus ater,temperate,Passeri,Icteridae,none,parasite,none,43.4,25.65,103.25,,3.161,,,,0.4225,0.4227,12.5,10,this study,this study cowb,Shiny Cowbird,Molothrus bonariensis,tropical,Passeri,Icteridae,none,parasite,none,35.3,26.65,118.25,,3.904,,,,0.524,,12,13,this study,this study gcfl,Great Crested Flycatcher,Myiarchus crinitus,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cavity,bi,34.1,20.5,102.1,5,3.624,3.05,0.353,0.032,0.4339,,14,14.5,Miller and Lanyon 2014,Peck and James 1987; Miller 2014; Mollder and Lanyon 2014 dcfc,Dusky-capped Flycatcher,Myiarchus tuberculifer,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cavity,bi,19.86,19.15,75.6,3.5,2.439,6.2,,,,,,14,,Tweit and Tweit 2002 btfc,Black-tailed Myiobius,Myiobius atricaudus,tropical,Tyranni,Tityridae,uni,enclosed,uni,10.31,17.4,59.35,2,1.207,2,,,0.3419,,21.5,18,Gross 1964, stfc,Streaked Flycatcher,Myiodynastes maculatus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cavity,bi,46.145,20.4,105.4,3,4.651,3.75,0.7374,0.0085,0.2653,0.2621,15.5,18.8571,this study,this study; Skutch 1997 rmfc,Rusty-margined Flycatcher,Myiozetetes cayanensis,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,bi,27.015,18.5,84.1,3,3.043,3.071,,,0.2824,,16,19,unpub. Ricklefs,this study; Skutch 1997 sofc,Social Flycatcher,Myiozetetes similis,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,bi,29.65,18.5,85.65,3,3.122,4.75,0.2536,0.0364,0.2662,,15.5,20.5,unpub. Ricklefs,this study; Skutch 1997 whab,White-bellied Antbird,Myrmeciza longipes,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cup,bi,29.3,30.825,65.5,2,3.707,0.1,0.2336,0.0549,0.3147,0.358,14.5,10,this study,this study wfaw,White-flanked Antwren,Myrmotherula axillaris,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,,cup,,8,15.97,50,2,1.457,1,0.179,0.0586,,,16,11.2,,Robinson and Robinson unpub; Brawn et al. 2011 sobb,Southern Bentbill,Oncostoma olivaceum,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,,6.755,15.215,43,2,1.347,0.75,0.502,0.0192,,,19.4,16.2,,this study; Robinson et al. 2000; Brawn et al. 2011; Robinson and Robinson unpub. nrfc,Northern Royal Flycatcher,Onychorhynchus mexicanus,tropical,Tyranni,Tityridae,uni,enclosed,uni,17.9,17.735,82,2,2.339,4.2,,,,,22.5,22,,Skutch 1997; Farnesworth and Lebbin 2015 nowa,Northern Waterthrush,Parkesia noveboracensis,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,17.6,21.8,72,4,2.394,0,0.485,0.0302,,,12,9,,Whitaker and Eaton 2014; Warkentin et al. 2003 hosp,House Sparrow,Passer domesticus,temperate,Passeri,Passeridae,bi,cavity,bi,26.965,19.3,75.695,4.5,2.808,1.5,0.7285,0.0108,0.4362,0.4024,11.75,14,this study,this study savs,Savannah Sparrow,Passerculus sandwichensis,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,20.05,20.83,67.815,4.1,2.978,0,0.21,0.0655,0.5096,,12,8,Therlfall and Cannings 1979,Bedard and Meunier 1983; Davis et al. 2016; Potter 1974; Wheelwright and Rising 2008; Winter et al. 2004 inbu,Indigo Bunting,Passerina cyanea,temperate,Passeri,Cardinalidae,uni,cup,bi,14.675,17.4,65.785,3.23,2.081,0.25,,0.06,0.4232,,12.5,10.5,Morgan 1976,Peck and James 1987; Thompson et al 1999; Payne 2006 clsw,American Cliff Swallow,Petrochelidon pyrrhonota,temperate,Passeri,Hirundinidae,bi,enclosed,bi,21.6,12.55,107.3,3.31,2.247,6,,,,,13.5,23.6,,Brown and Brown 1995; Peck and James 1997 rbgr,Rose-breasted Grosbeak,Pheucticus ludovicianus,temperate,Passeri,Cardinalidae,bi,cup,bi,44.685,22.48,99.95,3,3.972,4.995,0.42,0.078,0.3191,0.3203,12,9.5,this study,this study; Brawn 2006 rbwr,Rufous-breasted Wren,Pheugopedius rutilus,tropical,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,enclosed,bi,15.155,20.6,55.8,2.5,1.879,0.1,,,,,18,16,,this study; Kroodsma and Brewer 2015 eato,Eastern Towhee,Pipilo erythrophthalmus,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,38.5,27.685,85.09,4,4.772,1,0.28,0.047,0.3212,0.4849,12,10.5,Barber 1950,Twedt et al. 2001; Greenlaw 1996 scta,Scarlet Tanager,Piranga olivacea,temperate,Passeri,Cardinalidae,uni,cup,bi,31.39,19.8,94,4,3.438,2.8,0.35,0.037,0.3303,,13.5,15,Prescott 1965,Skutch 1989; Knutson et al. 2004 grki,Great Kiskadee,Pitangus sulphuratus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,bi,61,25.8,115.15,3.5,7.497,10.5,,,,,16.5,22,,this study; Brush and Fitzpatrick 2002 gcsb,Golden-crowned Spadebill,Platyrinchus coronatus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,9,14.17,54,2,1.49,0.75,0.144,0.0431,,,14.5,16,,this study; Skutch 1997; Brawn et al. 2011 snbu,Snow Bunting,Plectrophenax nivalis,temperate,Passeri,Calcariidae,uni,cavity,bi,42.2,21.59,106.3,5.02,3.379,0.27,0.3905,0.0333,,,12.6,13,,Montgomerie and Lyon 2011; Hussell 1985 bcch,Black-capped Chickadee,Poecile atricapillus,temperate,Passeri,Paridae,uni,cavity,bi,12.025,16.7,64.65,5.75,1.329,1.3,0.27,0.036,0.4015,,13.25,17.5,this study; Kluyver 1961 ,Christman and Dhondt 1997 cbab,Chestnut-backed Antbird,Poliocrania exsul,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cup,bi,27,28.57,65,2,3.889,0.125,,,0.3962,0.4535,15,11,unpub. Oniki and Willis (in Ricklefs 1976); this study,this study; Robinson and Robinson unpub gbma,Grey-breasted Martin,Progne chalybea,tropical,Passeri,Hirundinidae,uni,cavity,bi,38.43,14.45,129.05,4,2.804,4,0.7176,0.0078,0.3373,0.2656,15.5,25.375,this study,this study puma,Purple Martin,Progne subis,temperate,Passeri,Hirundinidae,uni,cavity,bi,53.8,15.1,144.3,4,4.1,17.3,0.385,0.0201,0.399,,15.89,28.5,unpub. Moss (in Starck and Ricklefs 1998),Allen and Nice 1952 prow,Prothonotary Warbler,Protonotaria citrea,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cavity,bi,13.625,19.23,73,4.98,2.167,2,0.33,0.0419,0.3723,,12.5,10,Walkinshaw 1938; Podlesak and Blem 2002,Petit 1999; Johnson and Kermott 1994 bush,American Bushtit,Psaltriparus minimus,temperate,Passeri,Aegithalidae,bi,enclosed,cooperative,5.3,15.8,47.55,6.3,0.743,15.5,,,,,12.5,18,,Sloane et al. 2001 gtgr,Great-tailed Grackle,Quiscalus mexicanus,tropical,Passeri,Icteridae,uni,cup,uni,145.75,42.1,159.6,3,9.634,12.5,,,0.2099,,13.5,21.5,Gotie and Kroll 1973,Johnson and Peer 2001 cogr,Common Grackle,Quiscalus quiscula,temperate,Passeri,Icteridae,uni,cup,bi,106.1,35.45,135.8,4,7.015,3,0.39,0.026,0.275,,13.67,12.5,this study; Maxwell 1965,this study; Gentry et al. 2006 lbgw,Trilling Gnatwren,Ramphocaenus melanurus,tropical,Passeri,Polioptilidae,bi,cup,bi,9.7,21.65,49.5,2,2.042,0.1,,,,,17,12,,Skutch 1969 cbta,Crimson-backed Tanager,Ramphocelus dimidiatus,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,30.27,20.74,76,2,3.443,2,0.3859,0.0389,0.4037,0.3804,12,11,this study,this study frta,Flame-rumped Tanager,Ramphocelus flammigerus,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,32,23.35,79.8,2,3.671,2,,,0.3392,0.3474,13,12,this study,this study rott,Rosy Thrush-tanager,Rhodinocichla rosea,tropical,Passeri,Rhodinocichlidae,bi,cup,bi,48.89,26.05,79.5,1.5,4.256,1.325,,,,,,10,,this study; Hilty 2015 olfb,Olivaceous Flatbill,Rhynchocyclus olivaceus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,,enclosed,,20.905,18.885,71,,,5,0.297,0.0323,,,20,17,,Brawn et al. 2011 mclo,McCown's Longspur,Rhynchophanes mccownii,temperate,Passeri,Calcariidae,uni,cup,bi,25.7,19.305,87.885,3.1,2.58,0,,0.061,0.3482,,12,10,Mickey 1943; Felske 1971; Strong and Ryder 1971,With 2010; Mahoney and Chalfoun 2016 bksw,Sand Martin,Riparia riparia,temperate,Passeri,Hirundinidae,bi,burrow,bi,13.45,10.9,98.7,4.98,1.633,0,,,,,14,18.7,,Garrison 1999 btsa,Buff-throated Saltator,Saltator maximus,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,47.635,26.64,104,2,5.375,1.8,0.231,0.0543,0.3041,0.3584,12,12.5,this study,this study stsa,Streaked Saltator,Saltator striatipectus,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,41.02,23.35,89.4,2,3.848,1.6,,,0.2268,,14,14,unpub. Ricklefs,this study; Skutch eaph,Eastern Phoebe,Sayornis phoebe,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,18.3,17.9,85.1,3.67,2.16,2.68,0.64,0.0097,0.3882,0.2904,16,16.75,Murphy 1981; this study,this study; Weeks 1979; Weeks 2011 tlmo,Brown-winged Schiffornis,Schiffornis turdina,tropical,Tyranni,Tityridae,uni,cup,uni,33,23.35,92,3.5,4.22,1.22,,,,,20.375,15,,Robinson and robinson unpub; Skutch stlt,Scaly-throated Leaftosser,Sclerurus guatemalensis,tropical,Tyranni,Furnariidae,bi,burrow,bi,37.065,23.04,87,2,6.425,0,,,,,21,15,,Skutch 1969 ywar,American Yellow Warbler,Setophaga aestiva,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,9.4,18.6,61.05,4,1.453,1,0.4479,0.0354,0.5806,0.4624,11,9,this study,this study; Gentry et al. 2006 nopa,Northern Parula,Setophaga americana,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,enclosed,bi,7.5,16.65,58.75,3.94,1.295,3,,,,,13,10.5,,Moldenhauer and Regelski 2012 mywa,Myrtle Warbler,Setophaga coronata,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,11.8,19.15,72.3,4.38,1.702,7.6,0.643,0.0158,,,12.5,12,,Hunt and Flaspohler 1998. pawa,Palm Warbler,Setophaga palmarum,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,10.3,20.2,62.6,4.5,1.509,0.047,,,,,12,12,,Wilson 2013 mawa,Mangrove Warbler,Setophaga petechia,tropical,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,9.925,18.45,61.05,2.8,,,0.26,0.0522,,,13,11,,Salgado-Ortiz et al. 2008 piwa,Pine Warbler,Setophaga pinus,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,12.25,18.85,69.85,3.9,1.814,13.2,0.3315,0.0569,,,12.5,10,,Rodewald et al. 2013 amre,American Redstart,Setophaga ruticilla,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,8.015,17.5,62.3,3.82,1.378,3.38,0.23,0.056,0.5709,,12,9,Baker 1944,Sherry and Holmes 1997; Knutson et al. 2004 webl,Western Bluebird,Sialia mexicana,temperate,Passeri,Turdidae,uni,cavity,bi,26.445,19.8,107.6,5,2.81,6.6,0.63,0.011,0.4197,0.3854,14,20.5,Austin et al. 2011,this study; Etterson et al. 2007 eabl,Eastern Bluebird,Sialia sialis,temperate,Passeri,Turdidae,uni,cavity,bi,31.7,19.75,98.65,4,3.088,1.5,0.56,0.0164,0.4283,0.3775,14,19,this study,this study; Johnson and Kermott 1994; Gowaty and Plissner 1998 wbnu,White-breasted Nuthatch,Sitta carolinensis,temperate,Passeri,Sittidae,uni,cavity,bi,20.85,18.75,90.6,7.3,2.023,6.1,0.75,0.0062,0.2444,,14,26,this study,Vista-Sparkman 2005; Grubb and Pravosudov 2008 pisi,Pine Siskin,Spinus pinus,temperate,Passeri,Fringillidae,uni,cup,bi,12.7,14.22,72.39,3.67,1.426,5.9,0.33,0.0361,,,13,15,,Campbell et al. 2011; Dawson 2014 amgo,American Goldfinch,Spinus tristis,temperate,Passeri,Fringillidae,uni,cup,bi,12.95,13.845,71.88,5.5,1.452,2,0.5204,0.074,0.3732,0.3672,13,12,this study; Holcomb 1968,this study; Brawn 2006 chsp,Chipping Sparrow,Spizella passerina,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,12.75,16.26,68.075,3,1.611,1.5,0.3484,0.044,0.5314,0.4672,11,9.1818,this study,this study fisp,Field Sparrow,Spizella pusilla,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,13.15,17.78,62.74,4,1.687,0.25,0.2242,0.0643,0.5349,0.5335,11,8.5,this study,this study; Thompson et al. 1999 atsp,American Tree Sparrow,Spizelloides arborea,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,17.85,20.825,74.295,4.96,2.176,0,,,0.4711,,12.5,9.2,Baumgartner 1938,Naugler 2014 vase,Variable Seedeater,Sporophila corvina,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,10.395,15.335,52,2,1.579,2,0.3488,0.0425,0.3921,0.3781,12,11.25,this study,this study ybse,Yellow-bellied Seedeater,Sporophila nigricollis,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,9.6,13.95,51,2,1.507,2,,,0.3202,,12,11.5,unpub. Ricklefs,this study; Skutch srws,Southern Rough-winged Swallow,Stelgidopteryx ruficollis,tropical,Passeri,Hirundinidae,uni,burrow,bi,13.885,10.99,98.5,4,1.985,2.5,,,,,16.5,19.5,,Turner 2015 eust,Common Starling,Sturnus vulgaris,temperate,Passeri,Sturnidae,bi,cavity,bi,82.75,27.3,125.35,4.28,7.364,18.3,0.515,0.0182,,,12.125,21,,Cabe 1993; Ricklefs and Peters 1979 masw,Mangrove Swallow,Tachycineta albilinea,tropical,Passeri,Hirundinidae,uni,cavity,bi,13.565,10.75,95.75,4,1.48,1.25,,,0.4974,0.2699,17,23,unpub.White and Ricklefs,Dyrcz 2000 tres,Tree Swallow,Tachycineta bicolor,temperate,Passeri,Hirundinidae,uni,cavity,bi,21.2,12.25,116.45,6,1.816,1.5,0.5555,0.0151,0.477,0.3033,15,20,Austin et al. 2011,this study; Etterson et al. 2007 vgsw,Violet-green Swallow,Tachycineta thalassina,temperate,Passeri,Hirundinidae,uni,cavity,bi,14.15,10.55,112.65,5,1.66,6.6,0.69,0.009,0.3986,0.371,15.22,25.333,Austin et al. 2011,Austin and Robinson unpub. (in Austin et al. 2011); Etterson et al. 2007 pcta,Plain-colored Tanager,Tangara inornata,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,19.665,17.025,68,2,,3.7,,,0.2628,,13.5,13,unpub. Ricklefs,this study; Skutch 1989 tala,Golden-hooded Tanager,Tangara larvata,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,18.815,16.2,67.5,3,2.149,4,,,0.331,0.3775,13,13,this study,this study; Skutch 1989 slas,Itatiaia Spinetail,Thamnophilus atrinucha,tropical,Tyranni,Furnariidae,bi,cup,bi,22,21.96,67,2,3.111,1.544,0.1442,0.0766,0.3776,,14,10.3,unpub. Tarwater,Brawn et al. 2011; Skutch 1996 baas,Barred Antshrike,Thamnophilus doliatus,tropical,Tyranni,Thamnophilidae,bi,cup,bi,28.05,27.95,71,2,4.399,1.567,,,0.2709,0.2832,14,12.5,unpub. White and unpub. Morton (in Ricklefs 1976),this study; Skutch 1996 bgta,Blue-grey Tanager,Thraupis episcopus,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,32.425,20.31,86,2,3.159,3.5,0.2979,0.0403,0.2465,0.313,13,15.9375,this study,this study pata,Palm Tanager,Thraupis palmarum,tropical,Passeri,Thraupidae,uni,cup,bi,38.49,20.76,91,3,3.611,4,,,0.3233,,14,14,unpub. Ricklefs,this study; Skutch 1989 cawr,Carolina Wren,Thryothorus ludovicianus,temperate,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,enclosed,bi,20.4,21.15,59.4,4,2.273,1.8,0.391,0.032,0.3901,,15.8,13.3,"Jongsomjit, Jones, Gardali, Geupel, and Gouse 2007",Haggerty et al. 2014; Gill et al. 2012 ctfc,Common Tody-Flycatcher,Todirostrum cinereum,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,bi,6.415,19.21,40,3,1.176,2,0.2229,0.0385,0.3434,0.2465,18,18.2308,this study,this study yofc,Yellow-olive Flatbill,Tolmomyias sulphurescens,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,enclosed,bi,13.3175,18,64.3,2,2.261,3.019,,,0.4368,0.2808,17.5,22,this study,this study; Skutch 1997 cbth,Curve-billed Thrasher,Toxostoma curvirostre,temperate,Passeri,Mimidae,bi,cup,bi,78.35,33,104.9,3.8,6.122,1.778,0.439,0.0267,0.2924,,14,14,Fischer 1983,Tweit 1996 brth,Brown Thrasher,Toxostoma rufum,temperate,Passeri,Mimidae,bi,cup,bi,68.5,34.35,108.85,4.1,5.775,1.6,0.19,0.058,0.2809,,13.6,11.6,Partin 1977,this study; Murphy and Fleischer 1986; Gentry et al. 2006 howr,House Wren,Troglodytes aedon,temperate,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,cavity,bi,10.95,17.55,50.45,6,1.505,1.5,0.6405,0.0132,0.5105,0.392,14,15.5263,this study,this study shwr,Southern House Wren,Troglodytes aedon inquietus,tropical,Passeri,Troglodytidae,uni,cavity,bi,13.9,19.1,52.4,4,1.86,2.5,0.5614,0.0167,0.5521,,14.6667,18,this study; Haverschmidt 1952,this study ccro,Clay-colored Thrush,Turdus grayi,tropical,Passeri,Turdidae,uni,cup,bi,74.675,32.005,116.5,3,6.394,3,0.4201,0.0305,0.2978,0.3373,12,15,this study; unpub. White and Ricklefs,this study amro,American Robin,Turdus migratorius,temperate,Passeri,Turdidae,uni,cup,bi,75.2,32.55,130.75,4,6.1,2,0.3294,0.0403,0.4075,0.4355,12,13,this study,this study stfl,Scissor-tailed Flycatcher,Tyrannus forficatus,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,27.355,18.25,120.05,4.69,3.41,2.8,0.3315,0.059,0.2574,0.2992,14.8,15.4,Murphy 1988,Regosin 2013 trkb,Tropical Kingbird,Tyrannus melancholicus,tropical,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,39.855,19.15,110,2,3.722,5,,0.0456,0.2454,0.2291,15.5,17,this study; unpub. Ricklefs (in Ricklefs 1976),this study; Skutch 1997 eaki,Eastern Kingbird,Tyrannus tyrannus,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,32.95,18.4,116.2,4,4.589,2,0.66,0.011,0.2434,0.3387,15.4,16.5,this study; Murphy 1981,this study; Gentry et al. 2006; Murphy et al. 1996 weki,Western Kingbird,Tyrannus verticalis,temperate,Tyranni,Tyrannidae,uni,cup,bi,43.5,19,127.05,4.1,3.46,10.35,0.409,0.027,0.3772,0.2877,14,16,Murphy 1988,Gamble 1985 bwwa,Blue-winged Warbler,Vermivora cyanoptera,temperate,Passeri,Parulidae,uni,cup,bi,8.91,17.3,58.95,4.5,1.29,0,0.415,0.0366,0.6218,,11.5,9,"Gill, Canterbury, and Confer 2001",Gill et al. 2001 bevi,Bell's Vireo,Vireo bellii,temperate,Passeri,Vireonidae,bi,cup,bi,8.5,18.75,55.3,3.6,1.558,0.8,0.31,0.044,,,14,11,,Kus et al. 2010; Budnik et al. 2000 ygvi,Yellow-green Vireo,Vireo flavoviridis,tropical,Passeri,Vireonidae,uni,cup,bi,17.875,18.335,75,3,2.241,3,0.1574,0.0701,0.4107,0.3339,13,11.7273,this study,this study wavi,Warbling Vireo,Vireo gilvus,temperate,Passeri,Vireonidae,bi,cup,bi,13.495,18,70.3,4,2.188,9,0.3265,0.0164,,,13.9,14,,this study; Tewksbury et al. 1998; Gardali and Ballard 2000 revi,Red-eyed Vireo,Vireo olivaceus,temperate,Passeri,Vireonidae,uni,cup,bi,17.075,17.9,79.1,3.3,2.433,4.5,0.18,0.0686,0.4082,0.3918,12.818,11,this study; Southern 1958,this study; Hanski et al. 1996; Lawrence 1953; Southern 1958 bhvi,Blue-headed Vireo,Vireo solitarius,temperate,Passeri,Vireonidae,bi,cup,bi,15.3,18.4,74.05,4,2.199,1.5,0.24,0.0492,0.3916,,13.5,12.5,James 1998,Morton and James 2014 plxe,Plain Xenops,Xenops minutus,tropical,Tyranni,Furnariidae,bi,cavity,bi,11,15.42,61.5,2,,6.096,,,,,16,13.5,,Skutch 1969 btwc,Cocoa Woodcreeper,Xiphorhynchus susurrans,tropical,Tyranni,Furnariidae,uni,cavity,,46.505,23.29,100,2,6.439,4,,,,,18,19.5,,Skutch 1996 wcsp,White-crowned Sparrow,Zonotrichia leucophrys,temperate,Passeri,Passerellidae,uni,cup,bi,29.4,23.24,78.36,4.58,3.122,1.07,0.49,0.0287,0.3529,,12,9.25,"Morton, Orejuela, and Budd 1972",Chilton et al. 1995; Conway and Martin 2000 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Breeding Variable References,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "Allen, R.W. and M.M. 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