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Captioning provided by Extension and Experiment

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Station Communications at Oregon State University.

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Narrator: A watershed is the land area that

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drains into a particular stream or river...

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And the streams running along the bottom

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of a watershed inevitably are affected

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by what goes on in the rest of the basin,

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both good and bad.

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Although these waterways make up only

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one percent of the watershed,

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they are a critical component to watershed health.

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A well-functioning stream contributes to water

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quantity and quality and it plays an important

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role in flood and erosion control.

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And, of course,

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it's where wildlife and fish live…

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Steve Johnson: Each species of salmonid

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that uses this system has a different

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fresh-water life history.

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Narrator: Steve Johnson has spent years studying

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salmon and trout in Western Oregon.

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Steve Johnson: Here's a coho salmon…emerged a little

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over a year ago out of the gravels.

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Has spent all of last summer and all this

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last winter rearing in the watershed,

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and now he's finally heading out.

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Narrator: On Ten Mile creek,

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a half dozen species of fish use different

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parts of the stream system during different

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times of the year.

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Steve Johnson: Many of the other species in here…

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the juvenile coho,

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the steelhead, the sea run cutthroat trout…

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are spending at least one winter and,

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in the case of the trout,

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usually multiple years,

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in this system before they actually go

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on their seaward migration.

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The longer these fish have to maintain

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their population in the freshwater,

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the more tied in they are to the structure.

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Narrator: The structure Steve's talking about…

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the fallen trees and boulders,

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the beaver ponds,

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and the meanders,

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all slow the water down.

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The result—quiet pools and a refuge

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from flood waters and predators—

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a safe haven for young salmon and trout.

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Slowing water down allows gravel to drop out

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and form gravel beds where fish spawn

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and insects, a food source for growing fish,

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thrive.

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Slowing down water also helps control

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down-cutting erosion and improves water quality

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by causing fine sediments to drop out.

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These days, many streams are missing critical structure.

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Historically, trees and snags were removed,

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to clear the way for boats

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and for logs in route to sawmills downstream.

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Beginning in the 1950s, in an effort

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to reduce the negative impacts of impassable

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man-made logging debris jams,

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often all wood—both logging debris

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and naturally occurring wood—was removed.

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When the practice ended in the 1970s,

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many streams were left barren of woody structure.

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In-stream restoration can be as varied

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as the watersheds where it occurs.

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At one extreme,

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a whole watershed restoration can include

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changing tree plantations into natural forests,

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removing roads and culverts, planting riparian areas.

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On Ten Mile creek where Steve Johnson's working,

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ridge-top to ridge-top restoration is underway.

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The U.S. Forest Service is jump-starting

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the in-stream restoration process by

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harvesting some big trees and using

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helicopters to place them in the creek.

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The man-made structures are placeholders

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that maintain stream function.

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This move buys time for trees to grow

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and rocks to roll.

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It may take 100 years or more for natural

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delivery of materials into this stream.

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The project has attracted

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a lot of attention.

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Jack Sleeper is in charge of the project

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for the U.S. Forest Service.

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Jack Sleeper: So our philosophy was pretty much

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give the stream the materials

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it needs to make fish habitat,

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and hopefully that will last us until our

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vegetation grows up and can start functioning naturally.

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This is an expensive way…we can't afford it.

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We can't afford to do this kind

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of restoration everywhere.

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Narrator: Often, land use makes

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basin-wide restoration impossible.

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Bob Drummond is a cattle rancher

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in Western Oregon along Buck Creek.

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Bob Drummond: When I bought this place

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and when I moved over here I saw it

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as pretty well used up.

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Practically every tree of value

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was taken off the place.

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It was hot here…

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I mean there were no big trees

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down in the bottomland.

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Narrator: Erosion was Bob's big concern.

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He contacted fisheries biologist

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Tony Stein for help.

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Tony suggested planting trees and shrubs.

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Bob Drummond: I did that, but at the same time,

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Tony went a lot further than that.

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Rather than just addressing the immediate

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erosion problem at that site,

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he talked about the reasons for the erosion.

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And then talked about how they were

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building in-stream structures to

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slow down the flow of water.

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Explained to me how the creek had…

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had over years channeled itself

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down on the bed rock…

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was flowing faster.

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For different reasons the creek

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was straightened.

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Anyway, the result was a faster stream.

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Anyway, Tony asked if I was interested in

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doing more than just something right

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at the site where the erosion was,

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but going all the way back upstream

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and placing these structures in with

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the hope of slowing the flow.

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Here we're looking at a pool that's

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a result of placing this structure here.

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I think we can find gravel has been kicked up

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over the structure and placed just forward of it.

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Narrator: As you can see from Bob's work…

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adding structure— the logs and rocks—

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slows the flow and gravel drops out.

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As more and more gravel falls—

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a gravel spawning bed forms.

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Good news for returning salmon.

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A stream's condition is affected by land use

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and in land-use priorities.

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That's true on both the west

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and the east sides of Oregon.

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Brett Hodgson: These areas were settled

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in the late 1800s, early 1900s.

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When the first settlers came in,

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they brought in large numbers of livestock,

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predominantly cattle,

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and they grazed the riparian areas very [heavy].

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Narrator: But today, some landowners

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like Jim Bauersfeld,

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a rancher and veterinarian,

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are making improvements along Mill Creek

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in eastern Oregon.

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He's been at it the last ten years,

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and his neighbors are taking notice.

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Jim Bauersfeld: The first year we started this project,

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we fenced the creek and kept the cattle out.

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And so because the cattle do a lot more damage

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to the new willow shoots and the new

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alder shoots than anything else.

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You know, the cattle were fenced out,

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we had some structures in that

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raised the water table,

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and the willows and alders started growing.

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And now in many areas along the creek…

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it's a jungle.

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They're very, very thick.

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We've had a couple of high water events

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where neighbors that have had

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lush green pasture going down

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to the edge of the creek

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and no woody debris to hold the creek.

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The high water events washed those

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pastures away as compared to this section

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of the creek where we have lots

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of woody debris holding the stream edges.

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They came up and saw that we didn't have

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as much so-called damage…

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so they're all interested in doing the same thing.

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Narrator: Landscape and land use dictate the fix.

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The Bauersfeld ranch is a good example

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of making improvements that are

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good for the watershed,

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the red band trout, and good for business.

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Brett Hodgson: Returning these streams to historic,

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pristine conditions is really not a viable option.

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These landowners need to make a living

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off of this land and having these creeks

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meander back and forth across these

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broad valleys like they did historically

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is not a reasonable option.

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Really what we're trying to do

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here is a compromise.

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Narrator: Brett and the ranchers he works

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with are allowing vegetation

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along the streams to grow,

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reducing stream temperature and slowing stream

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flow when water is high.

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Other ways used to slow water down

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are re-creating bends in channelized

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or ditched streams…

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a meandering effect…

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and by adding structure…

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logs and boulders.

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Large rocks and boulders are only used

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in streams where they naturally occur.

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Using backhoes and heavy equipment,

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Brett's team is just mimicking the

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work of nature's contractors…

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the beavers.

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Jim Bauersfeld: The beavers are actually pretty phenomenal.

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Beavers are wonderful for the creek.

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It's incredible what they do.

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Narrator: Once vegetation is reestablished,

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beavers move in.

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They build dams that store water—

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raising the water table—

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a benefit to fish and streamside

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plants during the dry season.

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The dams also slow high water during storms

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and provide a refuge for fish and wildlife.

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On the west side,

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beavers are just as busy doing the same things.

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Narrator: Don Wagner is a forester

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for Hull Oakes Lumber.

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Don Wagner: This is the kind of natural area

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that everybody is trying

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to create today with dollars.

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But this is an area here that

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didn't cost anybody, anything.

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Nobody's done anything.

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It's just been left up to Mother Nature

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and the beavers.

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The beavers have come in and made these dams

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in here and we left everything alone,

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and it's created great habitat for just

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about any critter that wants to use the area

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including the salmon that are coming up the stream.

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Narrator: In fact, research shows that

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beaver ponds are an important resource

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for rearing salmon and trout in Oregon.

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This low-tech, passive restoration started

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when Hull-Oaks replaced a culvert with a bridge.

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Don Wagner: We had beaver problems in here.

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They continually plugged our culverts up

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and so we did a cost share with the state.

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We put this bridge in two winters ago.

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The beavers now have free rein of the territory.

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We don't have any problems with them.

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And we also now have clear fish passage.

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So it's a win-win for all of us.

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Narrator: Plugged culverts one concern

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for forest land owners.

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Losing some trees is another.

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Don Wagner: We occasionally lose an alder tree

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like this right here,

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we might even lose a fir tree

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like this one right here.

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But they're going to be inside the

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buffer strip of the stream.

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And we're not allowed to…

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because of the Forest Practices Act…

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use those trees anyway.

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So instead of us using them…

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the beavers are using them.

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Narrator: Like Hull-Oakes,

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Starker Forest is concerned about

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culverts and fish migration.

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Traditionally,

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culverts were designed to efficiently

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move water with little consideration

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for fish and sediment passage.

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Jennifer Noonan: Also the other problem

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as you can see is this perched outlet.

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It's about a 1-foot drop from the outlet

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to the pool in the stream.

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And juvenile fish can not pass…

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they cannot make this jump

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and swim through the pipe.

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Narrator: Jennifer Noonan is a forest

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engineer for Starker.

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During the low flow of summer months

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when the impacts to fish are minimal,

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Jennifer and her crew replace the

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small culverts with bigger ones

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that are embedded in the stream.

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The result…

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fish can move upstream and wood

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and gravel can move downstream.

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In a single season or two the

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streambed can change dramatically.

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Jennifer Noonan: At one time this stream

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had all bedrock below the culvert crossing.

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And now that we've replaced the culvert,

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the stream material…

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the sediment and cobbles have been

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able to flow through the pipe

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and fill in the bedrock below the culvert,

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allowing good habitat for salmon.

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whether it's changing colberts in the country

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or in the city or a basin-wide restoration on Forest Lane. 

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Instream restoration is at best a stop gap that buys time,

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while nature regenerates the elements

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needed for watershed recovery.