Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation
 

The degradation of kraft pulping wastes in estuarine waters

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  • The degradation of kraft pulping wastes in estuarine waters was measured in terms of the following parameters: five-day 20°C B.O.D., the Pearl-Benson Index, and toxicity to the bay mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). The waste tested was the total effluent from a combined pulp and paper mill producing 430 tons of kraft paper products per day. Samples of this waste were mixed with sea water to establish the desired test conditions. The degradation was evaluated at waste concentrations of three percent, seven percent, and ten percent by volume. These concentrations were tested in duplicate at salinity levels of 25 and 15 ppt. A constant amount of acclimated seed was used for all tests. The tests were conducted on a batch basis in large open plastic containers immersed in a constant temperature water bath. Stirring was provided to promote mixing and surface reaeration. Three 15 day test runs were conducted at 20°C and two at 12°C. The following conclusions were drawn based on the results of these experiments: 1. The degradation of kraft pulping wastes, as measured by the rate of change of five-day 20°C B.O.D , follows first-order kinetics. 2. The degradation of kraft waste proceeds at a faster rate in more dilute concentrations. 3. The degradation rate of the five-day B.O.D. appears to be independent of salinity, and thus nutrient concentration, for a given waste level. The ratio of B.O.D. to salinity, however, has an apparent correlation with the degradation rate at 20°C. 4. The toxicity of kraft waste, as measured by bioassays on the bay mussel, is biologically degradable. 5. There is no apparent correlation between the degradation of B.O.D., P.B.I., and toxicity.
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