Index Catalog // ScholarsArchive@OSU

Potential for using through-boring to improve groundline treatment of Australian wood species: A preliminary study

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J. and Norton, Jack
Abstract:: An aging electricity distribution system and reduced availability of naturally durable tropical hardwoods in Australia will combine in the next decade to produce a major shortage of poles. One approach to mitigating this shortage is to utilize lower durability species and improve the penetration of preservatives into the refractory heartwood...
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A Note on the Sensitivity of A Closed-Tube Bioassay To Volatile Methylisothiocyanate Residues In Fumigant-Treated Wood

Creator:: Zahora, Andrew R. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: A closed-tube bioassay with Poria placenta was used to measure residual fungistatic vapors in wood fumigated with methylisothiocyanate (MIT). This bioassay showed an inverse linear relationship between fungal growth and the amount of MIT in the wood samples. For fumigated increment-core sections of unseasoned Douglas-fir heartwood (4.8 mm in diameter...
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Nutritional Quality of Douglas-fir Wood: Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Position on Nutrient Levels

Creator:: Schowalter, Timothy D. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The chemical composition of the boles of 14 Douglas-fir trees growing in the central Willamette Valley of western Oregon was examined to determine whether differences in various chemical component levels might help to explain arthropod or microbial colonization patterns. Levels of nearly all cations as well as N and P...
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Decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate as affected by wood species, temperature, and moisture content

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The effect of various wood characteristics on decomposition of metham sodium to methylisothiocyanate in sixteen North American and Southeast Asian hardwoods and softwoods was investigated. While marked differences were noted in the degree of decomposition among some species, the relationship between decomposition and lignin content, extractive levels, wood pH, or...
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Decay resistance of saltwater-exposed Douglas-fir piles

Creator:: Schneider, Philip F., Freitag, Camille M., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Wood that is submerged in fresh water for long periods has increased permeability and other changed properties. Wood that is submerged in salt water may absorb considerable quantities of salts, which may render the wood resistant to microbial colonization. In this report, we describe decay tests on Douglas-fir sapwood and...
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Decomposition of Basamid in Douglas-fir heartwood: Laboratory studies of a potential wood fumigant

Creator:: Forsyth, Paul G. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Basamid (3,5-dimethyl-l,3,5,2H-tetrahydrothiadiazine-2-thione), a crystalline powder first used as a soil sterilant, has shown promise as a wood fumigant. This chemical decomposes to methylisothiocyanate (MITC), the primary active ingredient, as well as other products; but the rate of decomposition in wood is too slow to be effective unless certain catalysts are...
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Copper, chromium, and arsenic levels in soils surrounding posts treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA)

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J. and Huffman, Jacob
Abstract:: The levels of copper, chromium, and arsenic in soil surrounding CCA-treated posts and beneath CCA-treated stakes were investigated at a plot near Gainesville, Florida. Metal levels were elevated in soil immediately adjacent to the treated wood, but decreased with distance away or depth. Mean extractable arsenic levels ranged from 1.74...
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Controlling decay fungi in Douglas-fir heartwood with pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate

Creator:: Sexton, Camille M., Morrell, Jeffrey J., and Newbill, Mark A.
Abstract:: A small block test was used in assessing whether pelletized sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) would decompose and produce methylisothiocyanate (MITC) and thereby eliminate Antrodia carbonica colonies from Douglas-fir heartwood. Also evaluated were the effects of wood moisture content, dosage, incubation period, pH level, and presence of copper sulfate on percentage of...
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Bioassaying wood preservatives with Aspergillus niger

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The bioassay with Aspergillus niger is a simple way of determining the presence and amount of pentachlorophenol or tributyltin oxide in wood, but it does not appear useful for measuring strongly fixed chemicals such as chromated copper arsenate, borate, and fluoride. Its effectiveness in detecting other preservatives has not been...
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Assessing Fungal Decay of Wood by Small-scale Toughness Tests

Creator:: Sexton, Camille M., Corden, Malcolm E., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Impact bending and breaking radius were used to measure loss in toughness caused by basidiomycetes isolated from wood. Small test pieces were used to accelerate testing. Wide differences were found among, and sometimes within, the 26 species tested. Brown-rot fungi tended to cause greater losses than white-rot fungi, but no...
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Assessing Biocide Effects on Protoplasts of Wood Decay Fungi

Creator:: Rui, Chen and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Hyphal fragments and protoplasts of two wood-degrading fungi, Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor, were used to examine the effects of two fungicides, copper sulfate and azaconazole, on fungal health (as measured by oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, potassium levels, cell regeneration, and copper uptake). Although both cell systems responded to the...
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Diffusion and sorption of the fumigant methylisothiocyanate in Douglas-fir wood

Creator:: Zahora, Andrew R. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The influence of moisture content (MC) and conventional preservative treatment on methylisothiocyanate (MIT) sorption and diffusion were investigated in Douglas-fir wood. In wood at 0% MC, the ratio of equilibrium MIT adsorption to desorption concentrations was low (0.2), but it increased rapidly to about 0.94 above 18% MC. Partition coefficients...
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Durability of a changing western redcedar resource

Creator:: Freitag, Camille M. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The heartwood of western redcedar (Thuja plicuta) is known for its natural resistance to fungal attack, but some users of western redcedar utility poles have suggested that its durability may be diminished as suppliers begin to harvest trees from younger stands. The decay resistance of western redcedar samples from the...
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Effect of incising and preservative treatment on shear strength of nominal 2-inch lumber

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Rakesh, Winandy, Jerrold E., and Riyanto, Djoko S.
Abstract:: This study evaluated the effects of pretreatment incising of dry lumber and preservative treatment on the shear strength of 1980 pieces of 2 X 4 dimension lumber (nominal 50 mm X 100 mm X 3.6 m long). Three species groups (Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir. and Spruce-Pine-Fir-South) and two commercially produced machine-stress-rated grades...
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Effect of mixtures of carbon disulfide and methylisothiocyanate on survival of wood-colonizing fungi

Creator:: Canessa, Edwin F. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The fungitoxicity of carbon disulfide (CS2), methylisothiocyanate (MITC), or a mixture of these two gases, to selected wood-degrading fungi was studied by using a fumigation apparatus. Both gases are important decomposition products of metham sodium, the most commonly used fumigant for internal treatment of large wood members. Carbon disulfide (up...
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The effect of pH on decomposition of Mylone (dazomet) and tridipam to fungitoxic methylisothiocyanate in wood

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J., Sexton, Camille M., and Lebow, Stan
Abstract:: Mylone@ and tridipam are two solid chemicals that decompose to produce methylisothiocyanate (MIT), a highly effective wood fumigant. In this study, two techniques -- a rapid, test-tube method and small-scale, wood-block assay -- were used to determine the effect of the pH of various chemical buffers on the decomposition of...
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Effect of process variables on supercritical fluid impregnation of composites with tebuconazole

Creator:: Acda, Menandro N., Morrell, Jeffrey J., and Levien, Keith L.
Abstract:: This study examines the effects of pressure, temperature, and treatment time on supercritical fluid impregnation of such composites as plywood, particleboard, flakeboard, and medium-density fiberboard. Carbon dioxide with methanol as a cosolvent was used as the supercritical fluid, with tebuconazole as the biocide. Biocide distribution, as measured by extraction and...
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Heartwood decay resistance by vertical and radial position in Douglas-fir trees from a young stand

Creator:: Gartner, Barbara L., Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille M., and Spicer, Rachel
Abstract:: Heartwood durability of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) was studied as a function of vertical and radial position in boles of trees with a wide range of leaf area/sapwood area ratios. Six 34- year-old trees were harvested from each of three plots established 14 years before: very dense,...
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Effects of glycol on leachability and efficacy of boron wood preservatives

Creator:: Gezer, Engin Derya, Michael, Judd H., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Although boron has many advantages as a wood preservative, this chemical performs poorly in leaching exposures. In this study, we investigated the potential for decreasing the leachability of boron preservatives with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Southern pine (Pinus spp.) test samples impregnated with combinations of sodium borate or boric acid and...
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The effects of chromated copper arsenate and ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate on shear strength development of phenolic resin to Sitka spruce bonds

Creator:: Prasad, T. R. Narayana, Humphrey, Philip E., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Preservative treatment of whole, wood-based composite products (mainly panels) has disadvantages; problems largely stem from swelling, strength loss, and incomplete or inappropriate penetration during treatment, and distortion during redrying. Pretreatment of comminuted wood prior to mat lay-up is one alternative, though the addition of chemicals may affect bonding during subsequent...
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Effect of process variations during supercritical fluid impregnation on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood

Creator:: Kang, Sung-Mo, Levien, Keith L., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The effect of process variations under supercritical conditions on cyproconazole retention and distribution in ponderosa pine sapwood boards was assessed. While pressure and temperature appeared to affect biocide solubility to some extent, the overall results suggested that biocide movement into wood was influenced more by diffusion than bulk flow. Biocide...
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Tropolone content of increment cores as an indicator of decay resistance in western redcedar

Creator:: DeBell, Jeffrey D., Morrell, Jeffrey J., and Gartner, Barbara L.
Abstract:: The high decay resistance of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn) is due to the presence of toxic extractives, called tropolones, in the heartwood. Therefore, tropolone content may be used as an indicator of decay resistance. With increment core-sized samples of western redcedar heartwood, we used gas chromatography to measure tropolone...
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Effects of incising on lumber strength and stiffness: Relationships between incision density and depth, species, and MSR grade

Creator:: Winandy, Jerrold E. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: This report describes the relationship of incising-induced strength loss in bending as a function of preservative treatment and incising pattern, density, and depth of penetration for various machine stress-rated (MSR) grades of full-size 2 by 4 Douglas-fir, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) dimension lumber. This study may represent a worst-case "incising...
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Evaluating potential decay control agents with a small block test

Creator:: Corden, Malcolm E. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: A small-scale test was developed to evaluate the ability of fungicides to control decay fungi established in wood. The test, which uses blocks 2.5 x 2.5 x 10 cm, tests the ability of a chemical to migrate from the middle of the block to control a previously established decay fungus,...
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Effects of supercritical fluid treatments on physical properties of wood-based composites

Creator:: Acda, Menandro N., Morrell, Jeffrey J., and Levien, Keith L.
Abstract:: The effects of supercritical fluid (SCF) impregnation on physical properties of composites were investigated at various pressures, temperatures, and treatment times with carbon dioxide as the fluid and tebuconazole as a biocide. In general, within the ranges tested, SCF treatment had no negative effects on modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus...
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Fungal staining of ponderosa pine sapwood: Effects of wood preconditioning and bioprotectants

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J. and Sexton, Camille M.
Abstract:: Differences in stain susceptibility were evaluated on sterile and unsterile samples of freshly sawn, frozen and thawed, or oven-dried and rewetted ponderosa pine sapwood. Samples treated with sterile medium or with medium inoculated with either Pseudomonas putida or Bacillus subtilis were inoculated with selected wood-staining fungi. In general, fresh unsterile...
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Production of fungal protoplasts from selected wood-degrading fungi

Creator:: Rui, Chen and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Studies of the effects of various chemicals on fungal growth are difficult to perform on filamentous fungi because of the difficulty of observing the protoplasm through the rigid hyphal wall, and because most activity occurs in the region near the hyphal tip. However, hyphae can be exposed to certain enzymes...
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Patterns of fungal attack in wood-plastic composites following exposure in a soil block test

Creator:: Mankowski, Mark and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The ability of white and brown rot fungi to colonize wood-plastic composites was investigated by measuring weight loss and anatomical changes. Three composite materials were evaluated. The material containing a 70/30 wood-high density polyethylene (HDPE) mixture was most susceptible to fungal attack, while two different 50/50 wood-HDPE composites experienced little...
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Methylisothiocyanate fumigant content of Douglas-fir heartwood at various moisture levels after treatment with solid sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate

Creator:: Lebow, Stan T. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The relationship between moisture content and the presence of methylisothiocyanate (MITC) in wood following various applications of sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate (NaMDC) was investigated with small Douglas-fir heartwood blocks. While MITC levels were initially higher in wetter blocks, MITC levels in drier blocks remained more stable over the 8-week test period. The...
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Laboratory decay resistance of preservative-treated red alder

Creator:: Mitchoff, M. E. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Alder represents an abundant but underutilized resource that has little natural resistance to decay. Treated alder might be used for stakes, posts, or other nonstructural applications. The performance of alder treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), copper 8 quinolinolate, zinc naphthenate (ZN), or thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB) was assessed in soil block...
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Internal pressure measurement techniques and pressure response in wood during treating processes

Creator:: Schneider, Philip F., Levien, Keith L., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The development of pressure inside wood during preservative impregnation was studied using Douglas-fir heartwood and ponderosa pine sapwood. Pressure sensors mounted on sample holders provided the most reliable measurements. As expected, pressure equilibrated most rapidly with air as the treatment medium and ponderosa pine as the test species. Pressure changes...
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Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) with Douglas-fir

Creator:: Lebow, Stan T. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and the bonding environment of adsorbed copper were also examined. The results generally support the finding that arsenic...
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Interactions between sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate and Douglas-fir heartwood

Creator:: Miller, D. B. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Vapam(r) (NaMDC) is the fumigant most commonly used to arrest and control decay of utility poles. While volatile fungitoxins are detectable only 1 to 2 years after treatment, poles treated with Vapam(r) remain free of decay fungi for 6 to 17 years. Vapam(r) decomposes to produce volatile fungicides as well...
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The influence of wood moisture content on the fungitoxicity of methylisothiocyanate in Douglas-fir heartwood

Creator:: Zahora, Andrew R. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: High concentrations of the fumigant methylisothiocyanate (MITC) will effectively control decay fungi in large wood structures, but the fungitoxicity of low MITC concentrations and the influence of wood moisture content (MC) on its performance are not well understood. The MC of Douglas-fir heartwood greatly influenced the susceptibility of the decay...
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In-situ measurement of dimensional changes during supercritical fluid impregnation of white spruce lumber

Creator:: Kim, Gyu Hyeok and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Supercritical fluids can markedly enhance preservative treatment of wood, but the high pressures employed can lead to collapse. We investigated the effects of the rates of pressure application and release on displacement of white spruce lumber during supercritical impregnation with carbon dioxide. Displacement was greatest when pressure was rapidly increased...
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Fungi colonizing redwood in cooling towers: Identities and effects on wood properties

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J. and Smith, Susan M.
Abstract:: Heartwood from coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don.) Endl.] is very durable and is often used untreated in harsh environments, such as cooling towers of power or chemical processing plants. Wood in this environment is often attacked by soft rot fungi. Some wood users attempt to bolster protection by including...
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Steady-state diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir heartwood

Creator:: Peralta, Perry N. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The effects of moisture content, flow direction, concentration, and temperature on the diffusion of chloropicrin in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) heartwood were investigated. Diffusion coefficients were strongly affected by wood moisture content. Coefficients for radial and tangential diffusion at the fiber-saturation point were twice as high as those at...
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Properties and decay resistance of preservative-treated Douglas-fir flakeboard

Creator:: Jeihooni, Asghar, Krahmer, Robert L., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The effect of pretreatment of Douglas-fir flakes with CCA-C, borate, and azaconazole on properties of flakeboard was studied. Flakes had higher retention levels of CCA-C and borate in their ends than in their centers. The distribution of chemicals was uniform in panels, which indicates that the chemicals did not migrate...
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Relationship between incipient decay, strength, and chemical composition of Douglas-fir heartwood

Creator:: Winandy, Jerrold E. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: A new laboratory technique to simulate the initiation of wood decay and to assess the effects of incipient decay on material properties is described. Douglas-fir heartwood specimens were exposed to brown-rot (Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum) fungi for various periods. Bendlng properties were determined by nondestructive and destructive tests, and...
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Supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment: Its effect on bending strength and stiffness of ponderosa pine sapwood

Creator:: Smith, Susan M., Demessie, E. Sahle, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Levien, Keith L., and Ng, Harry
Abstract:: Adverse effects on mechanical properties from using a supercritical fluid (SCF) to increase preservative penetration of refractory woods were evaluated by treating small ponderosa pine sapwood specimens with supercritical carbon dioxide at 64 combinations of temperatures (35 to 80 C), pressure (1,000 to 4,000 psig), and time (0.5 to 2...
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Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment: Effect on permeability of Douglas-fir heartwood

Creator:: Demessie, Endalkachew Sahle, Hassan, Ali, Levien, Keith L., Kumar, Satish, and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The effect of supercritical fluid treatment on superficial gas permeability of Douglas-fir was investigated by using carbon dioxide either alone or amended with methanol. Permeability increased in a majority of samples, although nearly one-third of the specimens declined in permeability. Improvements in permeability appeared to be unrelated to variations in...
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Fungal associates of Buprestis aurulenta in western Oregon

Creator:: Garcia, Carlos M. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Associations between the golden metallic beetle, Buprestis aurulenta L., and wood-destroying fungi were explored with adult beetles collected from log decks. A variety of fungi were isolated from the beetle bodies by four methods. A total of 863 isolations were made from 59 females and 21 males. There was no...
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Effect of Copper on Long-Term Performance of Dazomet as an Internal Remedial Treatment in Douglas-Fir Poles

Creator:: Love, Connie S., Freitag, Camille M., and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: A solid, crystalline fumigant (dazomet) with and without a supplemental copper compound was evaluated as an internal decay control treatment on Douglas-fir poles in two long-term field tests. Methylisothiocyanate (MITC), the decomposition product of dazomet, was used as a measure of effectiveness. MITC levels in the wood were above the...
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Preservative treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce

Creator:: Rhatigan, Ron, Freitag, Camille, El-Kasmi, Silham, and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The ability to treat Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) with oilborne copper-8-quinolinolate or with waterborne chromated copper arsenate, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, or ammoniacal copper quaternary was assessed using commercial treatment facilities in the Pacific Northwest. In general, Scots pine was more easily treated than was...
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Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The amounts of treated wood present at a wood recycling center in western Oregon were surveyed over a 10-year period. Treated wood was found at 106 of 112 inspections, but the levels never exceeded 2 percent of the volume present. The amount of treated wood averaged 0.15 percent of the...
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Resistance of Selected Wood-Based Materials to Fungal and Termite Attack in Non–Soil Contact Exposures

Creator:: Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The resistance of three naturally durable heartwood species and a stranded giant bamboo product to fungal and termite (Coptotermes formosanus) attack was evaluated at a test site located near Hilo, Hawaii. Merbau (Intsia bijuga or I. palembanica) and ipe (Tabebuia spp.) were both exceptionally resistant to fungal and termite attack,...
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Effects of Postlayup Borate Treatment on Appearance and Flexural Properties of Douglas-Fir Glued Laminated Beams

Creator:: Long, Brady and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Preservative treatments are required whenever glued laminated beams are exposed outdoors. Treatments can be either water-based systems applied to individual laminations prior to layup or organic solvent–borne systems applied after the beams are fabricated. Water-based systems are not recommended for posttreatment because of concerns over checking and the potential for...
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Effects of End Plates on Reducing Checking of Pentachlorophenol-Treated Douglas-Fir Crossarms

Creator:: Love, Connie S. and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: The effect of metal end plates on reducing checking of pentachlorophenol-treated Douglas-fir crossarms was evaluated over 13 wet–dry cycles. Check development was variable over the first three to four cycles, and then steadily increased for both plated and nonplated ends of arms; however, both the number of checks and the...
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Effects of environmental factors on decay rates of selected white- and brown-rot fungi

Creator:: Gonzalez, June Mitsuhashi and Morrell, Jeffrey J.
Abstract:: Assessing the impact of fungal decay in wood structures poses a major challenge for building inspectors. Although models have been developed to predict degradation rate of building components in varying climatic conditions, most are hampered by the lack of fundamental data on effects of fungal attack on engineering properties. Developing...
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An integrated approach using Bacillus subtilis B26 and essential oils to limit fungal discoloration of wood

Creator:: Wang, Yu, Chang, Jianmin, Morrell, Jeffrey J., Freitag, Camille M., and Karchesy, Joseph J.
Abstract:: Bacillus subtilis and essential oils have been explored separately for their ability to limit colonization by wood stain and mold fungi, but neither approach has been completely effective. One alternative strategy would be to combine the bacterial biocontrol with one or more natural products extracts. In this report, the ability...
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