A simple heat exchanger network has been studied as
an example of a dynamically interactive process. The
process is relatively simple, requiring only temperature
measurements and flow rate manipulations. Equations are
presented for the design of a physical process having a
specified steady-state Relative Gain Array and specified
dynamic characteristics....
A series of chemical penetrants are employed to
investigate the chemical characteristics of size bonds in
different sizing systems. The bonding strength has been
proved to be determined by the type of bonding. In rosinalum
size the size bond is an indirect coordinate bond,
which is vulnerable to the attack...
Dry strength is an inherent structural property of a paper sheet. It is due primarily to the development of fiber-to-fiber bonds. Polyamines, especially polyallylamine·HC1 (PAA), were found to be suitable mordants for rosin sizing. However, their effectiveness as dry strength agents has not been studied. In this study polyallylamine·HC1 was...
There are several chemical treatments for paper to
Improve its strength properties. Durable press treatment is
usually used as a textile chemical finishing; however, there
is little information available on the application of durable
press treatment for paper. The durable press treatment was
applied to bleached softwood kraft handsheets using...
White pitch deposits originated from the wood
extractives, synthetic polymers, and additives used in the
papermaking process, etc. may cause numerous problems to the
papermaking process and also degrade the product quality.
The timely analysis and characterization of white pitch
deposit is important for tracing the origin of the deposits....
Several additives have been used in research and on an
industrial scale to improve the pulp yield and to increase
the rate of delignification. One such additive is 1,4-
dihydro- 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene (DDA), also called soluble
anthraquinone. This chemical is widely used in Japan and
some other countries, especially with the...
First, a thermodynamic analysis was carried out upon a
sizing-desizing process. The energetic analysis shows that
rosin soap size should be bound to fibers through primary
chemical forces such as covalent bonds to effect sizing.
Secondary chemical forces are all thermodynamically unstable
to the attack of water molecules. It is...