Momentum transfer in climbing-film flow in an annular duct was
investigated. Air and various liquids, with a wide range of viscosities
and surface tensions, were investigated. The two phases flowed co-currently
upward, the liquid climbing as a thin film on the inner wail
while the outer wall remained dry.
The...
Momentum transfer in an annular duct with upward gas-Iiquid
flow was studied under the condition that the liquid flowed as a film
only on the inner core of the annulus, the outer wall remaining dry.
Previous workers have studied climbing and falling liquid
films in tubes or on vertical planes....
This paper describes a study of two-phase gas-liquid vertical
annular climbing film flow. Using a high speed Fastax movie camera,
motion was slowed sufficiently to facilitate detailed analysis of the
climbing film structure, based on single frame projections. The
dynamic characteristics of the liquid film could likewise be obtained,
though...
Drop size distributions produced by the turbulent pipe flow of
dispersions of immiscible liquids were measured photographically.
A mathematical model was developed which predicted both the shape
of the experimentally observed distributions and the experimentally
observed kinetics of the breakup process.
The mutually saturated water and organic phases were pumped...
A study of nucleate boiling of water, four alcohols and
three ethanol-water mixtures was conducted in a vertical
thermosiphon reboiler. The test section consisted of a 1/2-
inch diameter electrically heated stainless-steel rod
jacketed by a 15-inch long pyrex glass tube. Two different
inside diameters of the glass tube corresponding...
The pressure drop for two-phase liquid-liquid flow is theoretically
predicted for each flow regime. Empirical correlations, which
are applicable in all flow regimes, are also presented for holdup as
well as pressure drop.
The experimental study covered bubble and drop flow regimes.
The discontinuous phase was injected by nozzle into...
Nucleate boiling of water in a vertical annulus was
studied. The test section was entirely of stainless steel
construction and was formed by a length of stainless steel
tubing with a stainless steel heater rod centered in it. Two
test sections with length to diameter ratios of 18 and 33...
The fouling characteristics of cooling tower water
containing various corrosion inhibitors and other additives
on heat transfer surface have been investigated. Corrosion
inhibitors investigated included zinc-chromate and
phosphates. In addition, additives including polyacrylate
and phosphonate (HEDP and AMP) were used to determine their
effectiveness as antifoulants.
The tests were conducted...
The effects of mass flow rate and subchannel configuration on
the turbulent interchange between adjacent subchannel in simulated
rod bundle were investigated.
The simulated rod bundle was made by arranging seven 1.913 cm
diameter acrylic plastic rods in an equilateral triangular pattern in a
tube 8.89 cm inside diameter.
The...
Deposition characteristics of magnesium silicate and calcium carbonate on a heated surface in cooling tower water using city water as make-up was investigated. Flow velocity, bulk temperature and calcium hardness were maintained constant at 5.3 ft/ sec, 95°F and 150 ppm as CaCO₃ respectively whereas surface temperature varied from 105°F...
Turbulent mixing across adjacent subchannels in packed rod
bundles was studied using conductivity measurement and sodium
chloride solution as the tracer. Single phase water was the fluid
investigated.
The packed rod bundles were seven stainless steel tubes,
1.905 cm in diameter and 152.4 cm long, arranged in hexagonal close-packed
configuration...
Local and average heat transfer coefficients for heat transfer from internal tubes to a fluidized bed were investigated. A fluidized bed heat exchanger was compared to a baffled and an unbaffled exchanger in terms of power and heat transfer surface area requirements. The fluidized bed heat exchanger consisted of a...
Various antifoulant treatment programs and the
considerations necessary for the effective use of such
programs were examined.
Two different groups of tests, with and without
iron contamination, have been carried out on the
effectiveness of several of the state-of-the-art
copolymers (PA, HEDP, AA/HPA, AA/MA, SS/MA and AA/SA) in
the inhibition...
Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a
heated surface in cooling tower water was investigated.
Bulk temperature was maintained constant at 95°F. Flow
velocities and surface temperatures ranged from 3 ft/sec to
10.3 ft/sec and from 105°F to 170°F respectively. City
water was used as make-up for two different water...
Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made
up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of
0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods
varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of
hydraulic diameter was...
The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as
a function of heater surface temperature and water quality.
In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of
calcium in excess of the amounts required for saturation
were examined.
First, the average bulk water temperature was 97 ± 1
degree...
A bench-scale thermosiphon reboiler system was constructed
end used to investigate the scaling behavior of aqueous calcium
sulfate under flow boiling conditions. Scaling data were collected
at constant heat flux from eight experimental runs. Five different
constant heat fluxes were used ranging from 45000 to 93000 Btu/hr. ft², in increments...
The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different water qualities with respect to calcium hardness level were investigated. The pH was controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid....
Various conditions of heat flux in the range of 46600 to 93300 Btu/hr ft² and water velocity in the range of 1.44 to 2.16 ft/sec were tested under carefully controlled conditions to determine their effect on scale formation, and the characteristics of scale. Inlet temperature and bulk temperature were maintained...
The fouling characteristics of a desalted crude oil were investigated in a systematic
investigation. There are two main parts in this study, the dry bulk tests (dehydrated crude
oil) and the wet bulk tests (to which desalter brine was added). Three barrels of desalted
crude oil provided by Amoco Oil...