Various antifoulant treatment programs and the
considerations necessary for the effective use of such
programs were examined.
Two different groups of tests, with and without
iron contamination, have been carried out on the
effectiveness of several of the state-of-the-art
copolymers (PA, HEDP, AA/HPA, AA/MA, SS/MA and AA/SA) in
the inhibition...
Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made
up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of
0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods
varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of
hydraulic diameter was...
The fouling characteristics of cooling tower water
containing various corrosion inhibitors and other additives
on heat transfer surface have been investigated. Corrosion
inhibitors investigated included zinc-chromate and
phosphates. In addition, additives including polyacrylate
and phosphonate (HEDP and AMP) were used to determine their
effectiveness as antifoulants.
The tests were conducted...
The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different water qualities with respect to calcium hardness level were investigated. The pH was controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid....
The fouling of cooling tower water was investigated as
a function of heater surface temperature and water quality.
In particular, the effects on fouling of the addition of
calcium in excess of the amounts required for saturation
were examined.
First, the average bulk water temperature was 97 ± 1
degree...
Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a
heated surface in cooling tower water was investigated.
Bulk temperature was maintained constant at 95°F. Flow
velocities and surface temperatures ranged from 3 ft/sec to
10.3 ft/sec and from 105°F to 170°F respectively. City
water was used as make-up for two different water...