Your 4-H sheep project will provide an opportunity for you:
To learn how to select and raise sheep.
To learn to accept responsibility by having an animal of your own to care for regularly.
To develop business ability by having a business of your own.
To learn how to keep...
Published November 1966. Reprinted June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) and Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria
dalmatica) are members of the figwort (Scrophulariaceae) family.
They were introduced into North America as ornamental plants because of their showy, snapdragon-like flowers. Yellow toadflax was brought from Wales in the mid-1800s as a garden flower by Ranstead, a Welsh Quaker who...
Wireworm is the common name for the larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Family Elateridae). The adults do little or no damage, although there are some anecdotal reports that they can damage certain crops (e.g., grapes and stone fruits) by feeding on flowers. However, larval wireworms are among the most destructive...
Wild garlic (Allium vineale) was introduced from Europe where it was used as a food flavoring. It is found in pastures, lawns, ornamental beds, and several cultivated crops. It grows west of the Cascades from Vancouver Island south into northwest Oregon.
Wild carrot (Daucus carota), also known as Queen Anne’s lace, was introduced from Europe and is the genetic source of edible carrots. It is a problem in perennial cropping systems such as grass seed production, pasture and hay fields, and Christmas tree production. It is an especially serious threat where...
Hens stop laying eggs for a variety of reasons. External or internal stimuli affect hormone levels, which change the condition of the ovary and oviduct, the organs responsible for egg production. The result of these changes is the reduction or cessation of egg production. The most common stimuli that affect...
Oregon State University researchers made a significant discovery in 1958. They found that the underlying cause of white muscle disease is a dietary deficiency of the trace element selenium (Se). There is a fairly clear-cut relationship between soil, plant, and animal factors. Certain soils, including some formed by volcanic action...
What we have in the way of a wheat program depends on each of us. To choose the best program, we must understand the problems, consider what each plan is, what it will do to us and for us over a period of time, and how it will affect the...
Published 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Western wildcucumber (Marah oreganus [T. & G.]
Howell), also known as Oldman- in-the-ground, Echinocystis
oregana Cogn., is a perennial with stems that
regrow each spring from a huge woody root.
Stems become long, and they climb with the aid of branched
tendrils. Leaves are alternate, lobed, and up to 6...
Published March 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This publication offers an integrated approach to effective weed management in Christmas trees, incorporating diverse strategies and practices to keep weed populations off balance. It includes strategies for using prevention, mechanical means, cover crops and vegetated strips, flame weeding, and biological and chemical controls. Emphasis in chemical recommendations is on...
This guide addresses all aspects of volunteer program management, emphasizing the integration of volunteers into all areas of the organization. Underlying its suggestions is the authors' belief that the objectives of a volunteer program -- mutual benefit and shared responsibilities -- are achievable if salaried and volunteer staff participate equally...
High-quality forages, such as alfalfa and grasses, are important for efficient milk production from dairy cows. Forages provide the effective fiber that is critical for good health and longevity. Inadequate
effective fiber in the cow’s diet is one reason for acidosis and milk fat
depression. Historically, when forage quality changed,...
The action of a medicine may be less predictable in an older person and its intended action may be altered. Sometimes the effect is insignificant; other times it can be dramatic.
Medicines today are powerful chemicals that are more effective than ever before. Used carefully they can work wonders. However, both prescription and over-the-counter (nonprescription) medicines can create problems, especially if misused or abused. You probably try to find out about movies and restaurants before going to them, how to use...
Grief includes many feelings, some of the most common being disbelief, numbness, guilt, anger, and intense sadness. Parents may not have the answers or may not even have comforting words to offer a grieving
child. However, they can be willing to listen and to answer questions honestly even when the...
Published August 1985. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Tuber oatgrass
(Arrhenatherum elatius var
bulbosum) is native to Europe
and was introduced into this
country as a meadow grass. It
is found throughout the
Pacific Northwest but is
common west of the Cascades
and locally in central Washington.
Declared out of print May 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This publication provides basic information on tree growth, characteristics that define wood quality, and the implications of common silvicultural (tree tending) activities on wood quality. It is at best a summary—tree growth is an immensely complex process, and not all aspects of wood formation are fully understood. Most of the...
Published May 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published May 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Provides general rules for training, pruning, and limb bending, and explains open-center, central-leader, and espalier training. Outlines specific guidelines for training and pruning apple, pear, sweet cherry, sour cherry, peach, prune, plum, apricot, fig, persimmon, walnut, hazelnut, and chestnut trees. Includes 17 figures that illustrate various techniques.
Provides general rules for training, pruning, and limb bending, and explains open-center, central-leader, espalier, and palmette training. Outlines specific guidelines for training and pruning pear, sweet cherry, sour cherry, peach, prune, plum, walnut, filbert, apricot, and apple trees. Includes 16 figures that illustrate various techniques.
Revised June 1962. Reprinted January 1963. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published February 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Four speedwell species are important weeds in the Pacific Northwest:
• Ivyleaf speedwell (Veronica hederaefolia L.)
• Persian, birdseye, or winter speedwell (Veronica persica Poir.)
• Creeping speedwell (Veronica filiformis Sm.)
• Purslane speedwell (Veronica peregrina L.)
Revised April 1988. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published November 1966. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised July 1997. Reprinted January 2001. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a perennial, cool-season bunchgrass that is grown for pasture, hay, and silage. Native to Europe and North Africa, it was introduced from Europe to North and South America.
As a homeowner in the Pacific Northwest, you have a unique opportunity to help maintain or improve the health of streams and riparian areas. A riparian area is the area of land adjacent to a stream, lake, or wetland. Most healthy, natural riparian areas
have moist, fertile soils that support...
A s a landowner in the Pacific Northwest, you have a unique opportunity to help maintain or improve the health of streams and riparian areas. A riparian area is the area of land adjacent to a stream, lake, or wetland. Most healthy, natural riparian areas have moist, fertile soils that...
A s a recreationist, you have a unique opportunity to help maintain or improve the health of streams and riparian areas. A riparian area is the land adjacent to a stream, lake, or wetland. Healthy riparian areas often have moist, fertile soils that support many types of plants. These plants...
Riparian areas used as livestock pasture need special care to remain healthy and productive. This brochure describes what a riparian area is, why it is important, and what you as a rancher can do to take care of your land. A healthy riparian pasture benefits you, your livestock, wildlife, and...
As a developer in the Pacific Northwest, you have a unique opportunity to help maintain and improve the health of streams and riparian areas. This brochure describes what a riparian area is, why it is important, and what you can do to take care of the land. A healthy riparian...
As a landowner in the inland Pacific Northwest, you have a unique opportunity to help maintain or improve the health of streams and riparian areas. A riparian area is the area of land adjacent to a stream, lake, or wetland. Most healthy, natural riparian areas have moist, fertile soils that...
As a homeowner in the Pacific Northwest, you have a unique opportunity to help maintain or improve the health of streams and riparian areas. A riparian area is the area of land adjacent to a stream, lake, or wetland. Most healthy, natural riparian areas
have moist, fertile soils that support...
In recent years, the number of fresh-market sweet cherry cultivars (varieties) produced in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) has grown from a few, dominated by one (Bing), to a dozen or more. Lapins was among the first new cultivars to gain significance in the mid-1990s, followed by Sweetheart, Chelan, Tieton, and...
Published March 1976. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1980. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Squarrose knapweed, introduced from southwest Asia and the Middle East, became weedy in northern California and Utah by the early 1950s. How it
was originally introduced is not known, but its spread in California
and Utah was associated with the trailing of range sheep. Squarrose knapweed grows in the Klamath,...
Sprinkler irrigation is gaining in importance as a method of applying water to crops throughout the Northwest. Of the several reasons for this rapid gain in popularity, the principal one is that you can readily adapt it to conditions where surface methods are not successful. The sprinkler method is particularly...
Published August 1980. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Silver scurf is caused by a fungus, Helminthosporium solani, a relatively new problem related to potato production in North America. It wasn’t until the early 1990s that this fungus was identified as being a serious problem in the Pacific Northwest. This fungus produces a surface blemish on tubers, causing them...
Published April 1968. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
A bright sign of spring, Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) reminds us of its invasive presence each year as many acres of forests, pastures, and rights-of-way burst into golden bloom. Scotch broom is a native of Europe and North Africa, from Great Britain to the Ural Mountains, and from Sweden to...
Published October 1969. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published April 1980. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published February 1976. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The degree of wildfire risk depends on both the probability of an ignition and the potential for damage or harm (such as loss of trees, homes, or even lives). Recognizing that you may have a high wildfire risk is the first step in doing something about it. Whether you own...
Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) also is known as sheep, horse, field, mountain, and cow sorrel or sour dock. This European weed grows throughout the Pacific Northwest under various soil and climate conditions.
Communities across the United States are becoming more culturally and ethnically diverse. Indeed, demographers predict that by 2030 most of America’s school-age children will be from a minority group and by 2050, so will most Americans. This increasing diversity changes the nature of the population served by volunteer-based organizations, and...
Published January 1985. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published October 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published March 1980. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Describes the requirements for incubating eggs, brooding, rearing, breeding, and feeding ratites; most information is based on grower trial and error and is modified from poultry information. Underscores the importance of overcoming various obstacles, such as checking whether ratites are considered livestock in your area, establishing markets, and eliminating the...
Published December 1967. Reprinted August 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published June 1965. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1986. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published May 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published May 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Winegrape production in the Pacific Northwest has expanded into areas where low winter
temperatures periodically cause cane damage or death. In the Walla Walla Valley, for example, minimum temperatures plummeted to below -20°F for several days in 1996 and 2004, killing most exposed canes. Cane temperatures most certainly remained below...
Published February 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Poison oak is common in western Oregon and Washington. Its near relative, poison ivy, is found in eastern Oregon and Washington, throughout Idaho, and eastward. Both plants are native to the Pacific Northwest.
Published April 1970. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published January 1999. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Pickling is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. The Chinese
were fermenting vegetables as early as the third century B.C. By the first century A.D., Romans also were pickling. Pickled products appeared in America, too. The pickle barrel was common during the colonial days. Pickles even became part...
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), also called English ryegrass, is a cool-season perennial bunchgrass native to Europe, temperate Asia, and North Africa. It is widely distributed throughout the world, including North and South America, Europe, New Zealand, and Australia.
Paterson’s curse is a member of the borage family (Boraginaceae). It is native to Mediterranean Europe and North Africa but has spread to southern Africa, South and North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Outside of its native habitat, it is an aggressive, drought-tolerant plant that adapts to many soil moisture...
Published February 1981. Reprinted August 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published 1966. Reprinted 1980. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is native to western and central Europe, but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. In the 1830s, settlers in western
Virginia recognized the forage value of shade tolerant
D. glomerata plants growing in an orchard.
Published July 1985. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The public expects and deserves
a safe food supply. This
includes food free of antibiotic
residues. Congress has empowered
the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) to examine and
closely monitor the use of animal
drugs in dairy herds across the
nation. This regulatory agency has
the power of enforcement action.
Published January 1986. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This publication provides information on the timing and pattern of biomass accumulation and nitrogen (N) uptake for a variety of Pacific Northwest crops. You can use this information to schedule N fertilizer applications for maximum efficiency. To achieve near-maximum crop yields, an adequate supply of available N must be present...
In some homes, clothes moths can damage garments and other belongings. There are two common species of clothes moths in the Pacific Northwest: the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) and the casemaking clothes moth (Tinea pellionella). The larvae,
or immature form, of the moths are responsible for the damage done...
Published October 1967. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
This publication focuses on how to design a soil nutrient monitoring strategy that fits today’s requirements for record keeping and increased accuracy in managing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and other nutrients. We advocate the use of management units or zones for soil testing and nutrient application. To measure a real...
Published January 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised March 1981. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Revised June 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Pacific Northwest vegetable and fruit growers always have faced changing markets. To many growers, these changes have seemed faster than usual in recent years, fueled by shifting consumer preferences, increasing production costs, and new market logistics. The number of processing plants in the region continues to decline. Typically, plant closures...
Explains normal bladder habits and the urinary system. Discusses how bladder habits and control are affected by various physical changes associated with aging, drugs, illnesses, and mental changes. Covers types of incontinence, including urge, stress, overflow, functional, iatrogenic, total, and mixed incontinence. Provides a list of warning signs of an...
Accumulation of excessive salt in irrigated soils can reduce crop yields, reduce the effectiveness of irrigation, ruin soil structure, and affect other soil properties. This publication is designed to help you evaluate the kind and amount of salts present in soils and to select management alternatives. This publication describes the...
Milk production can be increased by managing dairy cows’ exposure to light. Photo period is defined as the duration of light exposure within a 24-hour period. A long-day photo period (LDPP) means exposure to 16–18 hours of continuous light followed by 6–8 hours of continuous darkness. A short-day photoperiod (SDPP)...
This publication focuses on using water analyses to choose appropriate water treatment and water management practices for irrigated agriculture. It will help determine:
• What tests are needed to characterize water quality
• How to collect water samples
• How to interpret analytical data from a laboratory
• How to...
Although there are no easy answers to the nursing home decision, this publication gives some guidelines for making decisions, assessing family and community resources, selecting a quality care facility, and dealing with your feelings and those of your older relative. It also looks at ways to maintain positive contact with...
Published May 1956. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published February 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Designed to help you understand loss and grief and respond to the grief of others; emphasizes losses experienced in later life, however most information is equally applicable to grief throughout adulthood. Covers the fundamental steps involved in the grieving process—accepting loss, experiencing grief, adjusting to change, and reinvesting emotional energy...
Published March 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Lingonberries are in the genus Vaccinium and are closely related to highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and cranberries (V. macrocarpum L.).
Lingonberries are well suited to cooler climates and can be expected to do well in regions where blueberries and cranberries are productive. Lingonberries are native to
Scandinavia, Europe, Alaska,...
Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog