Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters are ubiquitous membrane proteins that play a central role in the ion homeostasis of cells. In this study, we examined the possible role of Na⁺/H⁺ antiport in Yersinia pestis virulence and found that Y. pestis strains lacking the major Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters, NhaA and NhaB, are completely attenuated in...