Published March 1993. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu
Revised July 1994. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Published October 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Welcome to Leadership in 4-H Photography! No special knowledge is required. This Guide and the Member's Manual provide all the information you need for Unit 1. They are designed to make photography easy to learn and to teach.
There are only three essential requirements for successful leadership. One, MAKE IT...
Revised July 1980. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Information within this publication may be outdated. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a perennial, cool-season bunchgrass that is grown for pasture, hay, and silage. Native to Europe and North Africa, it was introduced from Europe to North and South America.
Blue mustard (Chorispora tenella) is a native of Russia or
southwest Asia. It first was documented in this country in
Lewiston, Idaho in 1929, and has spread throughout the
western plains states, the western portion of the United States,
and southern Canada.
Declared out of print July 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
The first decision to be made is whether to incubate eggs naturally or artificially. Natural incubation uses a broody hen to incubate eggs by sitting on them in a nest. Broody hens, when available, work best for small clutches of eggs.
In nature, chicks hatch after 2 to 4 weeks of incubation by the parents, most often the hen. The hatched chicks provide the stimulus to the hen to change her work from incubating eggs to brooding young. This form of brooding chicks is the easiest if only a few chicks...
Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is native to western and central Europe, but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. In the 1830s, settlers in western
Virginia recognized the forage value of shade tolerant
D. glomerata plants growing in an orchard.
Declared out of print July 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), also called Klamath weed and goatweed, was introduced from Europe and was found in California about 1900. It was a major pasture weed west of the Cascade mountains from Tacoma south to central California until the successful introduction of the chrysolina beetle, a leaf-eating insect.
Wild garlic (Allium vineale) was introduced from Europe where it was used as a food flavoring. It is found in pastures, lawns, ornamental beds, and several cultivated crops. It grows west of the Cascades from Vancouver Island south into northwest Oregon.
Tuber oatgrass
(Arrhenatherum elatius var
bulbosum) is native to Europe
and was introduced into this
country as a meadow grass. It
is found throughout the
Pacific Northwest but is
common west of the Cascades
and locally in central Washington.
Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) also is known as sheep, horse, field, mountain, and cow sorrel or sour dock. This European weed grows throughout the Pacific Northwest under various soil and climate conditions.
The public expects and deserves
a safe food supply. This
includes food free of antibiotic
residues. Congress has empowered
the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) to examine and
closely monitor the use of animal
drugs in dairy herds across the
nation. This regulatory agency has
the power of enforcement action.
Common groundsel, native to Europe, is now common throughout the temperate regions of the world. It is widespread in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, but most common west of the Cascade Mountains. This weed is found in many crops, including forages, cereals, mint, berries, and row crops, as well as in...
Distaff thistle is sometimes called wooly distaff thistle, and in Australia it is Saffron thistle. It is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe and central Europe.
Life is filled with changes. Sometimes those changes involve loss. When we lose someone or something important to us, we grieve. Although the death of a loved one is generally the most intensely and deeply felt loss, many life changes can involve loss and cause us to grieve.
Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens L.) probably is the most troublesome of several members of the buttercup family that are weeds in the Pacific Northwest. There are many native species of buttercup in the Pacific Northwest, but the weedy species are of European origin. It’s likely that they were introduced as...
Western wildcucumber (Marah oreganus [T. & G.]
Howell), also known as Oldman- in-the-ground, Echinocystis
oregana Cogn., is a perennial with stems that
regrow each spring from a huge woody root.
Stems become long, and they climb with the aid of branched
tendrils. Leaves are alternate, lobed, and up to 6...
The common name powderpost beetle loosely applies to three closely related beetle families, Lyctidae, Anobiidae, and Bostrichidae. Powderpost beetles breed in dead wood, as well as dried and cured lumber. It is their larvae’s feeding that reduces wood to what scientists call frass—a fine powder or a mass of small...
Faced with declining milk prices, dairy farmers in the Western States have trimmed feed costs by feeding bulk commodities and byproducts. How effective is this cost-cutting tool, and what problems does the dairy operator face in feeding bulk feeds?
Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), also known as slender foxtail, ranks, with wild oats and annual ryegrass, among the most important grass weeds in winter cereal production in Europe. It infests other winter crops there as well, including grass seed, rapeseed, and forage legumes.
Catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.), also called bedstraw or cleavers, is a native annual with weak, climbing, or twining stems, up to 6 feet long (figure 1). Whorls of six to eight narrow single-nerved leaves are attached to square stems (figure 2). Both stems and leaves have short backward-turning bristles...
The action of a medicine may be less predictable in an older person and its intended action may be altered. Sometimes the effect is insignificant; other times it can be dramatic.
Four speedwell species are important weeds in the Pacific Northwest:
• Ivyleaf speedwell (Veronica hederaefolia L.)
• Persian, birdseye, or winter speedwell (Veronica persica Poir.)
• Creeping speedwell (Veronica filiformis Sm.)
• Purslane speedwell (Veronica peregrina L.)
Curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) is a perennial. It does
not have creeping roots or rhizomes (Figure 1). Leaves
are oblong to nearly lanceshaped, often 12 inches or more
long, with wavy (crisped) margins (Figure 2). Erect, generally
unbranched stems up to 5 feet tall are produced in spring
and...
Published October 2009. Reviewed December 2013. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Use this 4-H Driving Manual as you learn how to train your animal, fit the harness properly, and drive your animal safely. The manual outlines one of several accepted ways of training.