In 1971, about 2,000 acres (Figure 1) of mixed hardwoods were infested by the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner, on the Totten Indian Reservation south of Devil's Lake, North Dakota. An aerial and ground survey of this area was made on June 15, 1972.
Defoliation could not be detected...
The pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia Feld., has been at epidemic levels in the Bitterroot and Missoula valleys for the past 2 years (Ciesla et al. 1971) (Bousfield and Meyer 1972). Several reports of conspicuous pine butterfly flights on the Flathead Indian Reservation prompted an evaluation of the potential for pine...
The last outbreak of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McD., in the Northern Region subsided in 1965. Tussock moth populations were not detected again until 1970 when ornamental spruce were defoliated in Spokane, Washington, and Poison and Missoula, Montana.
An attempt was made in January 1971 to relate the numbers of hibernating western spruce budworm larvae on a square foot of bark surface with subsequent shoot damage on Douglas-fir and grand fir in northern Idaho.
Twenty-six plots sampled in January were also sampled in April to determine
if larval...
Numerous stands of western larch, Larix occidentalis, on the St. Joe, Coeur d'Alene, and Kaniksu National Forests, Idaho, show signs of gradual deterioration following repeated defoliation by larch casebearer, Coleophora Zaricella Hbn. (Tunnock et al. 1969). Stand deterioration can occur after 4 years of continued heavy defoliation. The main symptom...
The bark beetle infestation in ponderosa pines defoliated by pine looper, Phaeoura mexicanaria (Grote) on Cook Mountain was resurveyed in 1971. Most of the surviving defoliated trees have "greened up" appreciably. Bark beetle activity was greatly reduced. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus vaZens LeConte, was the only bark beetle observed...
The larch casebearer Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) is now established throughout all western larch stands in Region 1. Population levels have begun to fluctuate in some of the older infested stands; however, it is still on the increase in more recently invaded territory. During the past 2 years work was begun...
Many nonmerchantable trees on the proposed control areas are moderately to heavily infested with dwarf mistletoe. Control by sanitation-thinning is desirable and is both biologically and economically sound.
Epidemic levels of the pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia (Felder and
Felder) have been evident in ponderosa pine stands in the Bitter Root
Valley since 1969. Evaluations of this infestation were initiated in
1970 to assess overwintering egg populations at 20 locations within
the infestation (Ciesla et al. 1971). Defoliation was...
A study was made to determine the distribution of parasites of the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricelia, within crowns of western larch, Larix occidentalis. The most common parasites recovered in order of their abundance, were: Agathis pumila (Ratz.), Diciadocerus sp. near westwoodii, Spilochalcis albifrons (Walsh), and MesopoZobus sp. Parasitism by A....
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosas Hopk., reached near epidemic levels in lodgepole pine stands in the Sulphur Creek-Black Butte area. Lodgepole pine are probably more susceptible due to the overstocked conditions of stands, and high incidence of girdling of the base of trees by porcupines. The infestation in this area...
Dwarf mistletoe is known to reduce both height and diameter growth and thus reduce the yield of an infested stand. This comparison of two similar stands--one healthy and the other infested--gives an indication of the impact of this parasite. The healthy stand has produced 1.5 times the board foot volume...
This report documents the establishment of a study to determine the effect of thinning on incidence of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., infestation in second-growth ponderosa pine stands in western Montana.
Although insufficient time has passed for a similar study in Oregon to yield a solid base for a...
An evaluation of the status of bark beetle infestations in ponderosa pine stands on Blue Mountain, Missoula District, Lolo National Forest, was made March 30 and April 4, 1972, at the request of personnel of the Missoula District.
Extensive group killing of ponderosa pine in the vicinity of Blue Mountain...
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosas Hopk., showed a significant advance northward from the 1970 infestation boundary, encompassing almost one-third of the total Park acreage. A fall survey conducted in the Park showed an average of 71.1 trees per acre with red or fading foliage from previous year's attacks and...
A 3-year evaluation of Douglas-fir cones in Montana and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, showed the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, and midges were the most common and injurious insects found each year. Injury was so severe at some plots that no sound seeds could be found.
This report deals with environmental strategies. Such strategies involve comprehensive and broad outlooks. In contrast, environmental tactics involve more limited concerns which can be usually addressed in a disciplinary or multi-disciplinary manner. The development of strategies necessitates interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary outlooks. Such outlooks are extremely difficult to achieve because different...