We have combined shipboard and Seasat altimeter derived data in an intergrated geological and
geophysical study of the Louisville Ridge; a 3500-km-long seamount chain extending from the Tonga
trench to the Eltanin Fracture Zone. A break in the smooth trend of the ridge at latitude 37.5°S has been
recognized in...
A theory of a two-dimensional wind-driven diabatic ocean mixed layer with strong horizontal gradients is formulated analytically. An equation that allows the relaxation of the strict Ekman balance—Coriolis force against wind stress—is derived from a careful consideration of the cross-gradient momentum balance. The relaxation scale depends implicitly on mixed-layer depth...
Vertically propagating coastal internal Kelvin waves (IKWs) forward by the alongshore component of the wind at the coast are studied, utilizing an ƒ-plane model of a continuously stratified ocean with a vertical eastern boundary. With an infinitely deep ocean, several initial value problems that illustrate the basic properties of the...
A layered model of the study circulation in the South Pacific Ocean is constructed along the lines of Luyten, Pedlosky and Stommel, and driven by the mean annual wind stress distributions computed by Hellerman and Rosenatein. The results of the model agree quite well with published maps of topography of...
The behavior and relationship of anomalies of monthly mean sea level, coastal sea surface temperature and alongshore wind stress for the eastern Pacific Ocean during the period 1950–74 have been studied. Sea level and temperature records from Yakutat, Alaska (59°N) to Valparaiso, Chile (33°S) and computed alongshore wind stress at...
The vertical distribution of density or temperature is studied in turbulent boundary layers stratified by either salt or temperature and driven in an annulus by a rotating screen. With rapidly growing boundary layers the buoyancy flux due to entrainment becomes sufficiently large that the boundary layer is no longer well...
The approximate equations for shallow motions are derived mainly by following the approach of Spiegel and Veronis and the subsequent development of Dutton and Fichtl. Other derivations are also briefly noted. While each derivation assumes shallow flow, the conditions on the time scale and auxiliary assumptions vary between derivations. In...
The one-dimensional bulk mixed-layer model of Niiler (1975) is extended to two (or three) dimensions to take account of horizontal variation in wind stress on mixed-layer dynamics. Both surface stirring (Kraus and Turner, 1967) and bulk shear (Pollard et al., 1973) entrainment mechanisms are included. The development of horizontal structure...
The two main approaches presently in use for studying the boundary layer are quite dichotomous. It is shown that the Ekman approach which uses an eddy coefficient fixed in height can load to a serious contradiction this approach should be avoided if boundary-layer structure is being investigated.
The depth of the nocturnal boundary layer, modeled by diagnostic functions of surface fluxes, is only weakly related to “observed” depths estimated from observed profiles of either wind or temperature as has been shown in previous studies. This is partly due to influences of nonstationarity and large errors in the...
A note of caution is Provided to users of the widely-distributed Cox ocean circulation model. It is shown that the discrete conservation of vorticity equation associated with the finite difference approximations to the primitive equations on an Arakawa B grid contains a term that approximates βΔy²∂²u/∂x∂y. Although this term has...
In a discussion of the turbulence characteristics of patches of 'microstructure' in the ocean, the hypothesis advocated by Gibson (1982), that the patches are produced by very rare but extremely powerful turbulence-generating events which usually have 'fossilized' before their observation, is contrasted with the hypothesis of a turbulence field driven...
Tide gauges are designed to measure changes in water level relative to land. However, vertical motions of the earth's crust manifest themselves as apparent water level changes in tide gauge records. These crustally induced changes are often small in amplitude relative to the wide range of oceanic processes which affect...
A new method is developed for studying large-scale temporal variability of ocean currents from
satellite altimetric sea level measurements at intersections (crossovers) of ascending and descending orbit
ground tracks. Using this method, sea level time series can be constructed from crossover sea level
differences in small sample areas where altimetric...
Various theoretical properties of the structure function are evaluated. Additional functions are constructed to describe the overall influence of stratification, the anisotropy and intermittency of the turbulence, and the asymmetry of the main drafts.
These functions and the usual spectral decomposition are computed from aircraft-measured turbulence data collected in nocturnal...
Measurements of upper ocean shear made during the Mixed Layer Dynamics Experiment (MILDEX) provide evidence of large horizontal scale motion at near‐inertial frequency. The measurements consist of shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiles. Four large‐scale spatial surveys of 2–4 days duration were made by the R/V Wecoma as a set of...
Internal gravity waves measured under the Arctic pack ice were strikingly different from measurements
at lower latitudes. The total wave energy, integrated over the internal wave frequency band, was lower by
a factor of 0.03-0.07, and the spectral slope at high frequency was nearly -1 in contrast to the -2...
A quantification of the number of adult worker Apis meltifera L. found on
combs of standard sizes at full holding capacity is reported. Estimating the holding capacity
of combs can assist in evaluating honey-bee colonies for pollination capabilities and also for
honey-production potentials
Uptake of nitrogenous nutrients by microplankton off the Washington and Oregon coasts was measured during the 1985 upwelling period. Nitrogen uptake rates in low-NO3- waters (<5 μM) were 0.020–0.258 μmol N liter-1 h-1 and were primarily supported by regenerated nitrogen (71% of total uptake). Nitrogen uptake rates in high-NO3- waters...
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were developed against strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri in the Deschutes River of Oregon, chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Sacramento River of California, and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri reared in the Hagerman Valley of Idaho, USA. These antibodies were...