In 1998, the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary initiated the “Tortugas 2000” planning process that would lead to the eventual designation (2001) of the largest marine reserve in the US: The Dry Tortugas Ecological Reserve (DTER). This resulting research, targeted commercial fishermen operating in the DTER region, determining the total...
A balanced development between economic activities and environmental concern are profound in public and emphasized by the government policy. It is especially so with the change in working policy, thus the increase in leisure time for Eco-tourism. All along, fishing industry and marine based tourism have been major industries in...
New Zealand marine recreational fisher’s attitudes to their fisheries and fisheries management are discussed in the light of the findings from two studies. The first study, a national telephone survey of more than 600 fishers, investigated why fishers seek to go recreational fishing and their attitudes towards the fisheries management....
Seven economic instruments including property right regime, tradable permit, bond and deposit refund, liability, fiscal instrument, financial instrument, and charge system were considered for rehabilitations of coastal resources including mangrove, coastal water, coral, sea grass and seaweed, tourism, and fishery resources. Criteria on selective economic instruments were previous practice, management...
Management of New Zealand marine fisheries is widely regarded as innovative and effective. However a nationwide survey in 2000 revealed that New Zealanders judge the state of New Zealand’s marine fisheries to be adequate to good, and management of the marine fisheries is only adequate. On those two criteria marine...
Traditional approaches to fisheries management, which have been singular, species-based and non-sectoral, have failed to protect the world’s fisheries resources. This has resulted in the overexploitation of fish stocks, displacement of fishing fleets and dislocation of fishing communities. The first attempts at international regulation of fisheries were simple, but premised...
The state of the world at the beginning of 21 century is terribly bad from all points of views such as environment, food supply, resources, economy and security essential for human survival. Our civilization based on technological development and mass consumption has been using up all resources on land and...
In 1998, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) launched a series of marine recreational angler expenditure survey in the Northeast (NE) management region (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia). This series was extended to the Southeast (SE) management region (North Carolina,...
The high ecological, social and economic value placed on Western Australia’s aquatic environment creates a significant obligation on the WA Department of Fisheries to develop and implement appropriate and sustainable resource management strategies for the State's fisheries and fish habitats. Historically, fisheries management in Western Australia has been based on...
Fisheries management has been carried out on the assumption that a fish population is in equilibrium with the fishing effort under the average environmental conditions and hence there must be a maximum sustainable yield (MSY). However, since the simultaneous rise and fall of the interdecadal and global scale of sardine...
At a hearing about the Green Paper (an analysis of the EU fisheries policy over the last 10 years and an outlook for the next decade) the following statement was given by an economist: „The Ecosystem Approach is the fata morgana of the fisheries biologists.“ Indeed, a lot of biologists...
The inclusion of ecosystem considerations in fisheries management implies two changes with extensive institutional repercussions: the uncertainties about states and outcomes rise dramatically and a multiplicity of new stakeholders, interests and objectives must be accommodated in the management institutions. The first change may potentially add immense costs to the management...
The main objectives of this paper are, in the first place, to review the international efforts carried out during the last ten years for fighting against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. In this field, the keystone is the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention. But since the adoption...
Tuna fisheries provides an important source of income, foreign exchange and employment for many Pacific Island States. It is also seen as a major avenue for industrial development by most Pacific Island States. The Law of the Sea Convention, while recognising the rights of coastal States to manage and develop...
Coastal nations can impose conditions of use on foreign fishing firms that operate in their Exclusive Economic Zone. We develop a game-theoretical model in which a fishery owner maximizes the revenue that it collects from firms that operate in its EEZ by charging them a fishing fee. We find that...
Managing fisheries resources according to an ecosystem approach is an idea that emerged from science and ecology and has now found its way into the international regulation of regional and high seas fisheries. Several fisheries agreements now impose an obligation on states to consider the protection of marine ecosystems. The...
Although the 1982 UNCLOS endeavoured to establish EEZs and assist coastal states in being able to manage the resources throughout their range to some extent, it became obvious that further agreements were necessary to expand upon states’ international obligations in relation to conservation and management of living resources on the...
Recent increases in the volume of canning grade tuna caught in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) has led to concern about the increasing catching capacity of the fleet of purse seine vessels operating in the fishery. In this paper Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to examine the...
In September 2000, the Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Central and Western Pacific (WCPFC) was concluded by the seventh session of the Multilateral High Level Conference (MHLC). The WCPFC, amongst other things, establishes a tuna Commission, which will have powers to...
Over the past 50 years, most efforts to regulate fishing and conserve our oceans and seas only have had limited success in preventing the on-going problems of over-fishing, degradation of the marine environment, and irreversible loss of marine biodiversity. Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) of the oceans is an approach that is...
Custom, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (UNCLOS), provide the right of all states to exploit stocks of tuna on the high seas, where roughly half of world tuna catches are taken. The UNCLOS also provides that states have the obligation to cooperate...
M_ori rights over fishing resources in Aotearoa/New Zealand are being dramatically affected by ongoing changes in legislation and socio-economic factors. Although rights over natural resources were guaranteed to M_ori, the country’s indigenous people, by Article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi 1840, those rights have subsequently been eroded. Historically, fishing...
The 1992 fisheries settlement between the New Zealand government and Maori is the largest Treaty settlement to date in New Zealand and is significant internationally for the extent of the transfer of rights to a resource from the state to an indigenous people. In this paper, the challenges presented by...
Fisheries management involves considering several biological, economic and political objectives. They are often contradictory. For this reason, it is almost impossible to reach them simultaneously. Andalusian regional government collaborates with the national government to establish fishing plans for local fisheries. The objectives of these plans verify the aforementioned statement. For...
Factors influencing the emergence of collective action are studied using survey data from individual boat owners from Barka, Masn’a and Suwaiq. Fishermen who adopt a cooperative strategy tend to be more risk averse and have high economic dependence on the common property resources. Social identity as a fisherman also appears...
Combating illegal fishing is one of the major difficulties the International Law of the Sea faces. The European Community is aware of this problem and has taken some measures to fight against illegal fishing, amongst which there are those related to the effective exercise of jurisdiction and control of the...
The failure of the European Union’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) to develop a sustainable fishing environment for all member states is often blamed on the incompatibility of the territorial logic of national interests and the market forces of a de-territorialized European Union. Ironically, it is precisely this incompatibility that a...
The saltwater aquarium hobby has increased dramatically in the last decade due to improvements in the technologies and knowledge needed to sustain mini-reef ecosystems. With this increased demand comes increased pressure on natural reef ecosystems that supply the vast majority of the live organisms for the commercial market. To combat...
The objective of this paper is to present a parsimonious forecasting model for the fishmeal price. The focus is on the soybean meal market’s impact on the fish meal price through the soybean meal futures price together with the stocks-to-use as an indicator of demand and supply conditions. A salient...
This paper presents a critical analysis of the provisions of the WTO agreements and jurisprudence as they relate to the use of trade-related measures in support of cooperative fisheries management arrangements. The interpretation given to WTO agreements by successive Panels and Appellate Bodies has provided guidance regarding how such measures...
Globalization may affect companies in the fish-processing industry in many ways. For some, globalization poses new threats, for others it represents new opportunities. Some companies see their benefit of being located close to the resources vanish, as resources are brought out of the region, processed in low-wage countries, and distributed...
Increased livestock and aquaculture production can put pressure on the fishmeal market, and thus industrial fisheries stocks, since both of these sectors use fishmeal in their feeds. Data indicate that fishmeal supply has reached a production limit due to limited marine resources. Meanwhile there has been an explosive growth in...
The rapid growth of aquaculture and concomitant growth in the use of compound aquafeeds have resulted in aquaculture using 35% of global fishmeal and 54% of global fish oil in 2000, up from just 10% and 16% respectively in 1988. Meanwhile, landings of reduction fish have hovered near 30 mmt,...
Compared to other EU-countries, the consumption of fish is relatively high in Finland at 15 kg per capita. On the contrary, the consumption of meat is low. The total consumption of meat is 66 kg per capita, of which 20 per cent is poultry. During the last decade there have...
The fish markets in Finland were formerly protected from international competition. The markets were gradually
opened to free competition in the 1990s due to the EEA agreement and EU membership. As a consequence, the importation of fresh salmon from Norway rapidly increased, and imported salmon captured the markets from domestic...
Using a general equilibrium model that has a resource (fisheries) sector and that incorporates subsistence consumption into consumer preferences, we examine the costs and benefits of participating in international trade. In some cases income transfers may permit potential, but otherwise unachievable, gains from trade to occur.
A recent study in agricultural products has brought out evidence of asymmetrical transmission of price changes according to the sign (positive or negative) of past variation. Interestingly, asymmetry was more commonplace for products with a lower elasticity of supply due to the perishable nature of products. A similar study based...
The market for fish products in Finland has changed markedly since the removal of trade barriers after the country's accession to the EU in 1995. Further the transition from a producer to a consumer-oriented society has created numerous new demands for food products. New dietary trends, such as low fat...
Fish are marketed with various intermediaries between producers and final consumers. The number and the nature of the intermediaries, market structures at each stage of the value chain and other factors related to the organisation of markets may substantially affect the transmission of information throughout the chain. The present study...
In 1996 the 1 billion US dollar Norwegian salmon industry was accused for dumping and for having received subsidies in the infant phase of the industry build-up. The accusations were initiated by the Scottish and Irish salmon industry, which regard the Norwegian suppliers as aggressive competitors in their home market....
There is significant interest in self-regulation as an alternative to command and control techniques. (Black 1996) Self-regulation is thought to be more efficient and expert and hence more effective than traditional approaches. Interest in alternative fishing regulatory styles such as self-regulation has been fuelled by the perception that command and...
The supply of raw material to the Norwegian fish processing industry has always fluctuated heavily, both as far as volumes and quality are concerned. These fluctuations have had major impact on planning of for instance product mix and production capacity. Thus, sea farming has been considered a promising alternative source...
Effects of age, period and birth cohort on consumption of fat fish, lean fish and processed fish were estimated based on panel data from the Norwegian Women and Seafood Consumption Study (NOWAC). Cohorts selected for the present analysis were women born between 1951 and 1966. Survey questionnaires were mailed to...
The Norwegian fish processing industry is an old industry and organising of production has been solved by fishing vessels catching fish and selling it fresh directly to processing plants located on shore close to the richest fishing areas. During the last decade an increasing part of the catch has been...
The fish market in Finland has changed dramatically since the removal of trade barriers to the importation of fresh salmon in 1993. Imported salmon has rapidly captured markets from domestically produced salmon trout. Another clear trend has been increased concentration at the wholesale and retail level, which in turn has...
Traditional economic theory states that liberalising trade and moving to freer trade in conventional goods improves global welfare, as well as improving welfare in small countries. It also states that large countries only through the active use of their trade policies can maximise their welfare. However, these results are modified...
After joining the WTO, easier access to Taiwanese market due to tariff reductions and deregulation of import restriction is expected to have substantial impacts on the fishery sector in Taiwan. Comparing to the tariff rates in 2001, the average tariff rates of fishery products will decrease 35.5%, in 2004. Especially,...