The most abundant clone found in ribosomal RNA clone libraries obtained from the world's oceans belongs to the SAR11 phylogenetic group of environmental marine bacteria. Imaging and counting SAR11 bacterial cells in situ has been an important research objective for the past decade. This objective has been especially challenging due...
A time history of the calibration coefficients for channels 1 and 2 of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA-12 and NOAA-15 spacecraft is presented. The history is based on reflectances observed for the interior zones of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets previously obtained with the...
Visible and near infrared reflectances from NOAA-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) daytime passes are used to derive optical depths at 0.55 μm, an index of aerosol type, continental or marine, and the direct effect of the aerosol on the top of the atmosphere and surface solar radiative fluxes...
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 4-km data were collected over the northeast Atlantic for May–August 1995–1999. Aerosol optical depth at 0.55 μm was retrieved in pixels identified as being cloud-free ocean. In pixels identified as containing clouds from single-layered, low-level cloud systems over oceans, the following cloud properties were...
Retrievals of cloud properties from satellite imagery often invoke the assumption that the fields of view are overcast when cloud-contaminated, even though a significant fraction are only partially cloud-covered. The overcast assumption leads to biases in the retrieved cloud properties: cloud amounts and droplet effective radii are typically overestimated, while...
Empirical estimates of the aerosol indirect radiative forcing often rely on threshold cloud retrievals applied to multispectral satellite imagery data. In such retrievals, pixels having radiances that surpass prescribed thresholds are assumed to be overcast even if they are only partially cloud covered. This assumption leads to cloud visible optical...
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 4-km data collected over the northeastern Atlantic off the coast of the Iberian Peninsula for May to August 1995 were used to investigate the feasibility of empirically deriving estimates of the aerosol indirect radiative forcing. A retrieval scheme was used to derive cloud visible...
If the success of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is measured by the number of endangered species that have been recovered and delisted, then the act is not very successful. Only 15 species have been delisted because of recovery in the history of the ESA. The Borax Lake chub (Gila...
Fire performs many beneficial ecosystem functions in dry forests and rangelands across much
of North America. In the last century, however, the role of fire has been dramatically altered by numerous
anthropogenic factors acting as root causes of the current fire crisis, including widespread logging, road
building, fire suppression, habitat...
Ship tracks appearing in both the morning and afternoon Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery for the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of the United States were used to study the morning-to-afternoon evolution of marine stratus polluted by underlying ships and nearby uncontaminated stratus. Analyzed 925-hPa winds were used...