In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and ocean acidification, with potentially wideranging biological effects. Population-level shifts are occurring because of physiological intolerance to new environments, altered dispersal patterns, and changes in species interactions. Together...
The resurgence of cucurbit downy mildew has dramatically influenced production of cucurbits and disease management systems at multiple scales. Long-distance dispersal is a fundamental aspect of epidemic development that influences the timing and extent of outbreaks of cucurbit downy mildew. The dispersal potential of Pseudoperonospora cubensis appears to be limited...
Implementing multicomponent diffusion in numerical combustion studies is computationally expensive due to the challenges involved in computing diffusion coefficients. As a result, mixture-averaged diffusion treatments or simpler methods are used to avoid these costs. However, the accuracy and appropriateness of the mixture-averaged diffusion model has not been verified for three-dimensional...
Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent buoy and shore-based measurements. Long-term coastal temperature trends are warming in the Gulf of Maine [1.0° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)⁻¹] and...
The objective of this study was to compile, validate, and map minimum and maximum mean monthly temperature and temperature ranges for periods of 10 to 14 months between July 2009 and June 2012, measured using 16 to 182 sensors distributed over the HJ Andrews Forest, a mountain landscape of 64...
Borehole temperature profiles provide a record of ground surface temperature (GST)
change at the decadal to centennial time scale. GST histories reconstructed from boreholes
are particularly useful in climate reconstruction if changes in GST and surface air
temperature (SAT) are effectively coupled at decadal and longer time periods and it...
Stream temperature will be subject to changes because of atmospheric warming in the future. We investigated the effects of the diurnal timing of air temperature changes – daytime warming versus nighttime warming – on stream temperature. Using the physically based model, Heat Source, we performed a sensitivity analysis of summer...
The short-term duration of most ecological studies can make it difficult to capture the long-term dynamics of ecosystems and populations. Infrequent or high-impact events can be missed, or erroneously documented as baselines. Long-term ecological research enables a deeper understanding of complex processes, provides a foundation for future insights, and can...
The potential evapotranspiration (PET) that would occur with unlimited plant access to water is a central
driver of simulated plant growth in many ecological models. PET is influenced by solar and longwave
radiation, temperature, wind speed, and humidity, but it is often modeled as a function of temperature
alone. This...